Lesson 3 - Blood Physiology

Question 1

How many liters of blood is in the human body?

Answer 1

Approximately 5 L

Question 2

This is made up of cellular and extracellular elements

Answer 2

Blood

Question 3

What are the functions of blood?

Answer 3

1. Carries oxygen and nutrients to living cells and removes waste products
2. Immunity
3. Homeostasis
4. Distribution of heat

Question 4

What are the colors of blood?

Answer 4

Oxygenated - Bright red
Deoxygenated - Dark red

Question 5

What is the normal pH range of blood?

Answer 5

pH 7.35 - pH 7.45

Question 6

True or False: Blood contains numerous buffers to help regulate pH

Answer 6

True

Question 7

This occurs in the red marrow within the spaces of cancellous (spongy) bone tissue

Answer 7

Hematopoiesis

Question 8

In children, where does hematopoiesis occur?

Answer 8

Medullary cavity of long bones

Question 9

Where does extra-medullary hematopoiesis occur?

Answer 9

Outside the medullary cavity

Question 10

What organs maintain their ability to generate the formed elements throughout adulthood?

Answer 10

Liver and spleen

Question 11

All of the formed elements of blood originate from this specific type of cell

Answer 11

Hematopoietic stem cell

Question 12

These induce the HSC to divide and differentiate

Answer 12

Hematopoietic growth factors

Question 13

What are the two types of hematopoietic stem cells?

Answer 13

1. Lymphoid stem cells
2. Myeloid stem cells

Question 14

What do lymphoid stem cells give rise to?

Answer 14

Lymphocytes

Question 15

Lymphocytes include what type of cells?

Answer 15

T cells, B cells, and Natural Killer (NK) Cells

Question 16

What do Myeloid stem cells give rise to?

Answer 16

Formed elements: Erythrocytes, Megakaryocytes, Granular Leukocytes, and Monocytes

Question 17

What are the three granular leukocytes?

Answer 17

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils

Question 18

This is the liquid component of blood

Answer 18

Plasma - 55%

Question 19

The most abundant of the plasma proteins

Answer 19

Albumin

Question 20

Most common formed element which functions to carry hemoglobin

Answer 20

Erythrocytes

Question 21

Describe the erythrocytes

Answer 21

Biconcave in shape due to the lack of organelles which allows them to squeeze through capillaries and facilitate gas exchange

Question 22

The volume of red blood cells relative to whole blood

Answer 22

Hematocrit

Question 23

A major component of the body’s defenses against disease

Answer 23

Leukocytes

Question 24

True or false: Erythrocytes have shorter lifespan than leukocytes

Answer 24

False - Leukocytes have shorter lifespan than that of erythrocytes

Question 25

Defensive functions in the body’s tissues

Answer 25

1. Margination - move towards endothelial wall 2. Rolling - rolling motion towards site of injury 3. Adhesion - attachment to the endothelium 4. Diapedesis - leaving the capillaries 5. Chemotaxis - movement to the site of injury

Question 26

What are the two groups of leukocytes?

Answer 26

Granular leukocytes and agranular leukocytes

Question 27

This type of leukocyte is a rapid responder to the site of infection and is an efficient phagocyte with a preference for bacteria

Answer 27

Neutrophils

Question 28

This type of leukocyte includes antihistamine molecules and is also capable of phagocytosis

Answer 28

Eosinophils

Question 29

This type of leukocyte plays a role in allergic reactions and contains histamine

Answer 29

Basophils

Question 30

This is essential for the repair of blood vessels when damage has occured

Answer 30

Thrombocytes or platelets

Question 31

These mature into platelets

Answer 31

Megakaryocytes

Question 32

How many days to platelets remain before they get phagocytized by macrophages?

Answer 32

10 days

Question 33

What are the 4 steps in the physiological mechanisms that stop bleeding?

Answer 33

1. Vasoconstriction 2. Primary Hemostasis/Formation of Loose Platelet Plug 3. Secondary Hemostasis/Blood Coagulation 4. Resolution

Question 34

What triggers vasoconstriction?

Answer 34

Myogenic spasm and the production of Endothelin-1

Question 35

Mediated by vWF of ruptured blood vessels and Gp1b of platelets

Answer 35

Platelet Adhesion

Question 36

Platelets change shape

Answer 36

Platelet Activation

Question 37

Mediated by fibrinogen and Gp2b-3a of platelets

Answer 37

Platelet Aggregation

Question 38

At which factors do the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways begin?

Answer 38

Factor 12 and factor 7, respectively.

Question 39

What is the common pathway?

Answer 39

Factor X

Question 40

Has A antigens with anti-B antibodies

Answer 40

Blood Group A

Question 41

Has no antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

Answer 41

Blood Group O

Question 42

Has B antigens with anti-A antibodies

Answer 42

Blood Group B

Question 43

Has both A and B antigens with no antibodies

Answer 43

Blood Group AB