Lesson 8: BACTERIAL METABOLISM Flashcards
harness the suns light to make food and generate energy without using oxygen.
Cyanobacteria
The formation or breakdown of chemical bonds is made possible by collision of atoms, ions or molecules that are continuously moving and colliding with one another called
Collision Theory
the sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism. It is divided into two types of chemical reactions: the catabolic reaction and the anabolic reaction
Metabolism
an enzyme-regulated chemical process that releases energy whereby complex organic compounds are breakdown into simpler ones. This reaction mainly uses water (hydrolytic reaction) to break chemical bonds, and produce more energy that they consume (exergonic).
Catabolism
an enzyme-regulated chemical process that requires energy to build complex organic molecules from simpler ones. This reaction mainly releases water (dehydration synthesis reaction), and consume more energy that they produce
Anabolism
provide the building blocks for anabolic reactions and also supply the energy needed for it in the form ATP.
Catabolic reactions
The energy required for a chemical reaction is called
Activation Theory
They are substances which serve as biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without them being permanently altered.
Enzymes
Each enzyme has a unique surface configuration that enables it to bind to its corresponding substance called
Substrate
The bind of Enzymes unique surface configuration to substrate
The lock and key model
results to a more effective collision of molecules and thus reduces the activation energy required for a reaction
Effective Enzyme-substrate complex
The mechanism of enzymatic actions are
- The surface of the substrate contacts a specific region of the surface of the enzyme molecule called the active site.
- A temporary intermediate compounds forms, called an enzyme-substrate complex. 3. The substrate molecule is transformed either by rearrangement, breakdown or in combination with other molecule.
- The transformed substrate molecules are released from the enzyme molecule.
- The unchanged enzyme is now free to react with other substrate molecules.
Some of the factors that influence enzymatic activity are
Temperature
pH
substrate
inhibitors
as it increases the rate of chemical reactions also increases. However, once the optimal is reached, chemical reaction is reduced following the denaturation (change in structure) of enzyme.
Temperature
the reaction also decline once optimal is reached.
pH
Inhibits enzymatic
action; can either be competitive or non-competitive
Inhibitor
compete with normal substrate for the active site
Competitive Inhibitor
interact with another part of the enzyme
non-competitive inhibitor
inhibitors bind to parts of the enzyme other than substrate binding site. This binding will change the shape of the enzyme making it inactive thus stops the cell to produce more substance than it
allosteric or feedback inhibition
The process by which non-competitive inhibitors carry out its function is called
allosteric or feedback inhibition
are a type of RNA that serving as catalyst acting specifically on strands of RNA
Ribozymes
two general aspects of energy production
The concept of oxidation-reduction and the mechanisms of ATP generation.
Oxidation is the removal of electron from an atom or molecule in a reaction
that produces energy. Reduction is gaining one or more electron. These
two reactions are always coupled, each time a molecule is oxidized
another is simultaneously reduced.
Oxidation Reduction (Redox) Reactions
Three mechanisms Phosphorylation
- Substrate-level phosphorylation
- Oxidative phosphorylation
- Photophosphorylation
used by cells in catabolism to extract energy from nutrient molecules. For example: oxidation of glucose (C6H12O6) to CO2 and H2O will release energy that will be trapped by ATP which can then serve as energy source.
Oxidation – Reduction (Redox) Reaction
