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General Veterinary Microbiology Lecture > Lesson 7: BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY AND FINE STRUCTURE > Flashcards

Lesson 7: BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY AND FINE STRUCTURE Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The major characteristics of bacteria are based on their

A

size, shape and
arrangements

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2
Q

The size of most bacteria ranges from

A

0.2 μm (micrometer) to 2.0 μm in diameter and from 2.0 μm to 8.0 μm.

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3
Q

singular: coccus meaning berries

A

Cocci

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4
Q

usually round but can either be oval, elongated, spherical or elliptical shape. Either they may remain as a single cell or may aggregate together for various configurations

A

Cocci

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5
Q

represented by single, discrete round cell

A

Monocuccus

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6
Q

divides but the cells remain attached to each other

A

Diplococcus

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7
Q

here the cells divide repeatedly in one plane to form chain of cells.

A

Streptococcus

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8
Q

this consists of four round cells, which divide in two planes at right angles to one another and remain in group of four.

A

Tetracoccus

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9
Q

the cells divided into three planes forming a structured like bunches of grapes giving and irregular configuration.

A

Staphylococcus

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10
Q

these cells divide in three planes but they form a cube like configuration consisting of eight or sixteen cells but they have a regular shape.

A

Sarcina

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11
Q

these are rod shaped or cylindrical bacteria which either remain singly or in pairs.

A

Bacilli

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12
Q

appear in pairs after cell divides

A

Diplobacilli

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12
Q

occurs in chain after cell division

A

Streptobacilli

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13
Q

oval shaped similar to cocci

A

Coccobacilli

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14
Q

curved, comma shaped bacteria and represented by a single genus

A

Vibro

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15
Q

spring like with multiple curvature and terminal flagella with fairly rigid bodies

A

Spirilla

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16
Q

helical and flexible which move by means of axial filaments resembling flagella but contained within an external sheath

A

Spirochete

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17
Q

Structures external to the cell wall

A

Glycocalyx
Flagella
Axial Filaments
Fimbriae
Pili

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18
Q

meaning sugar coat

A

Glycocalyx

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19
Q

are viscous substances that surrounds the cell composed of polysaccharide, polypeptide or both.

A

Glycocalyx

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20
Q

long outermost part that contains flagellin arranged in helix

A

filament

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20
Q

Functions of Glycocalyx

A
  1. enables bacteria to survive by attaching to surfaces, example: Streptococcus mutans attaches to the surface of the teeth and cause dental carries
  2. bacterial source of energy when supply is low
  3. protection to hosts cell by attaching to surface hence preventing the movements of nutrients out of cell during dehydration.
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21
Q

2 forms of glycocalyx

A

Capsule form and slime layer form

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21
Q

the substance is organized, is firmly attached to
the cell wall, and clinically contributes to the virulence (ability to cause disease) of bacteria due to its capacity to evade phagocytosis by hosts cells

A

Capsule form

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21
Q

the substance in unorganized and is loosely attached to the cell wall.

A

Slime layer form

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22
Q

meaning whip

A

Flagella

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22
Q

Three basic parts of Flagella

A

Filaments
hook
Basal body

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23
Q

long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria

A

Flagella

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24
Q

where filament is attached to

A

hook

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25
Q

anchors the flagellum to the cell wall and plasma membrane. The flagella move by rotating from the basal body either in clockwise or counterclockwise direction.

A

Basal body

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26
Q

bacterium moves in one
direction

A

run or swim

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26
Q

movement is termed motility which is can be
presented in different patterns

A

run or swim
tumbles
swarm

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27
Q

rapid wavelike movement

A

swarm

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27
Q

periodic abrupt or random interruptions to run or swim

A

tumbles

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28
Q

also called endoflagella present in Spirochetes like Borrelia burgdorferi that causes Lyme disease. The filaments are actually bundled fibrils that arise at one end of Spirochetes and spiral around it. When these filaments rotate it causes the Spirochetes to a spiral motion.

A

Axial Filaments

28
Q

is a type of a protein called pilin. It is a numerous hair like appendages that surrounds the bacterium and helps to attach to hosts surface

A

Fimbriae

29
Q

another type of the protein pilin but is only presented in one or two per bacterium. helps bacterial cell to prepare DNA transfer from one cell to another

A

Pili

30
Q

Functions of the cell wall

A
  1. prevents rupture of the cell
  2. maintain shape of cell
  3. anchors flagella
  4. contributes to the virulence of the bacteria
  5. site of action of some antibiotics
  6. the chemical composition of cell is used to differentiate types of bacteria.
31
Q

Semi rigid structure protects the interior of the cell from the outside environment.

A

The cell wall

32
Q

The bacterial cell wall is primarily composed of

A

Peptidoglycan

32
Q

Gram positive bacteria contains which provide the antigenic capacity of the bacteria making it possible to identify it upon laboratory tests.

A

Teichoic Acid

33
Q

Peptidoglycan is also called

A

Murein

34
Q

primarily composed of network of peptidoglycan either alone or in combination with other substances

A

Bacterial cell wall

35
Q

have multiple layers of peptidoglycan in its cell wall for a thick rigid structure.

A

Gram Positive Bacteria

36
Q

has a thin layer of peptidoglycan making it very susceptible to mechanical breakage or environmental degradation.

A

Gram negative bacteria

37
Q

also called
endotoxin

A

Lipopolysaccaharides

38
Q

Gram negative bacteria cell wall (outer portion) is composed of

A

lipopolysaccharide
lipoproteins and
phospholipid

39
Q

Functions of lipopolysaccharide lipoproteins and phospholipid

A
  1. evades phagocytosis and cell lysis
  2. barrier to antibiotics and other enzymes
  3. passage of molecules thru porin channels.
40
Q

Functions of LPS

A
  1. provides antigenic capacity of the bacteria
  2. causes physiological effects when present in the bloodstream (toxicity, fever, sepsis, shock,
41
Q

There are bacteria that is composed of higher percentage of __________ in their cell walls than peptidoglycan (Mycobacterium sp, Nocardia sp.), which prevents reaction to Gram stains.

A

Mycolic Acid

42
Q

Mycolic acid can be stained with

A

Carbolfuchsin

43
Q

Bacteria that is composed of higher percentage of mycolic acid in their cell walls than peptidoglycan it can be stained with a carbolfuchsin which resist removal with acid alcohol thus called

A

Acid-fast bacteria

43
Q

Some chemicals like ____________ can cause damage, or interfere with the synthesis of cell walls by cell lysis.

A

lysozyme

43
Q

Example of acid-fast bacteria are

A

Mycobacterium sp
Nocardia sp.

44
Q

Bacteria that have an atypical cell wall

A

Mycoplasma sp.

44
Q

having no cell wall or with very little wall material

A

Atypical cell wall

45
Q

Structures internal to the cell wall

A

Plasma membrane
cytoplasm
Nuclear area
Ribosomes
Inclusions
Endospores

46
Q

underlying the cell wall is a thin layer of ____________ composed mainly of phospholipids arranged in two rows called lipid bilayer

A

Plasma membrane

47
Q

inside of the bilayer (nonpolar tails) are

A

hydrophobic or water-fearing

47
Q

The outer surfaces of the lipid bilayer (polar heads) are

A

hydrophilic or water-loving

48
Q

Functions of plasma membrane

A
  1. entry/exit of substances in cell by selective permeability
  2. protect and lubricate the cell
  3. cell-to-cell interactions, and
  4. breakdown of nutrients and energy production.
48
Q

includes
1. Simple diffusion
2. Facilitated diffusion
3. Osmosis

A

Passive Processes

49
Q

The movement of materials/substances across the membrane can be either

A

Active or passive processes

50
Q

movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration

A

Simple diffusion

51
Q

same with simple diffusion but substances are transported across the membrane via transporter

A

Facilitated diffusion

52
Q

movement of a solvent molecule (water) from high concentration to low concentration via a selectively permeable membrane.

A

Osmosis

52
Q

the substance inside the plasma membrane composed mainly of water and other substances like proteins, carbohydrates or lipids.

A

Cytoplasm

52
Q

Includes
1. Active transport
2. group translocation

A

Active Processes

52
Q

the cell uses energy to transport a substance from lower to higher concentration without altering the substance

A

Active transport

53
Q

a special type of active that alters the substance being transported across a membrane.

A

Group Translocation

54
Q

also called nucleoid, located in the cytoplasm of a bacterial cell contains double-stranded DNA each for the bacterial chromosome and plasmid.

A

Nuclear area

55
Q

contains the genetic information of the cell

A

Bacterial Chromosomes

56
Q

carry genes associated to antibiotic resistance, toxin production or enzyme synthesis. important in gene manipulation of bacteria.

A

Plasmid

57
Q

Ribosomes have 2 subunits:

A

30s and 50s

57
Q

present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and serve as sites for protein synthesis. The number of this is proportional to the rate of protein production.

A

Ribosomes

58
Q

small and contains one
molecule of ribosomal [rRNA] in bacteria

A

30s subunit

59
Q

larger and contains two molecules of rRNA in bacteria

A

50s subunit

60
Q

Ribosomes in bacteria are called

A

70s bacteria

61
Q

released when bacterial (parent) cell is degraded. It is capable of resistance to harsh chemicals, extreme environmental condition, and radiation. It can remain dormant for a thousand years and can return to vegetative state by germination when endospore’s coat is triggered either by physical or chemical damage.

A

Endospores

61
Q

these are specialized resting cell formed internal the cell membrane when a bacterial cell goes into vegetative state (active cell that undergoes metabolism) in a process called sporulation.

A

Endospores

62
Q

Reserve deposits

A
  1. metachromatic granules
  2. polysaccharide granules
  3. lipid inclusions
  4. sulfur granules
  5. carboxysomes
  6. gas vacuoles
  7. magnetosomes
62
Q

these are reserve deposits

A

Inclusions

63
Q

for carbon dioxide fixation

A

carboxysomes

63
Q

Reserve Energy

A

Sulfur granules

63
Q

use in ATP synthesis

A

Metachromatic granules

64
Q

Maintain buoyancy

A

gas vacuoles

64
Q

iron oxide that acts
like magnet to move until attachment

A

magnetosomes

General Veterinary Microbiology Lecture (15 decks)

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