Lesson 7: BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY AND FINE STRUCTURE

Question 1

The major characteristics of bacteria are based on their

Answer 1

size, shape and
arrangements

Question 2

The size of most bacteria ranges from

Answer 2

0.2 μm (micrometer) to 2.0 μm in diameter and from 2.0 μm to 8.0 μm.

Question 3

singular: coccus meaning berries

Answer 3

Cocci

Question 4

usually round but can either be oval, elongated, spherical or elliptical shape. Either they may remain as a single cell or may aggregate together for various configurations

Answer 4

Cocci

Question 5

represented by single, discrete round cell

Answer 5

Monocuccus

Question 6

divides but the cells remain attached to each other

Answer 6

Diplococcus

Question 7

here the cells divide repeatedly in one plane to form chain of cells.

Answer 7

Streptococcus

Question 8

this consists of four round cells, which divide in two planes at right angles to one another and remain in group of four.

Answer 8

Tetracoccus

Question 9

the cells divided into three planes forming a structured like bunches of grapes giving and irregular configuration.

Answer 9

Staphylococcus

Question 10

these cells divide in three planes but they form a cube like configuration consisting of eight or sixteen cells but they have a regular shape.

Answer 10

Sarcina

Question 11

these are rod shaped or cylindrical bacteria which either remain singly or in pairs.

Answer 11

Bacilli

Question 12

appear in pairs after cell divides

Answer 12

Diplobacilli

Question 12

occurs in chain after cell division

Answer 12

Streptobacilli

Question 13

oval shaped similar to cocci

Answer 13

Coccobacilli

Question 14

curved, comma shaped bacteria and represented by a single genus

Answer 14

Vibro

Question 15

spring like with multiple curvature and terminal flagella with fairly rigid bodies

Answer 15

Spirilla

Question 16

helical and flexible which move by means of axial filaments resembling flagella but contained within an external sheath

Answer 16

Spirochete

Question 17

Structures external to the cell wall

Answer 17

Glycocalyx
Flagella
Axial Filaments
Fimbriae
Pili

Question 18

meaning sugar coat

Answer 18

Glycocalyx

Question 19

are viscous substances that surrounds the cell composed of polysaccharide, polypeptide or both.

Answer 19

Glycocalyx

Question 20

long outermost part that contains flagellin arranged in helix

Answer 20

filament

Question 20

Functions of Glycocalyx

Answer 20

1. enables bacteria to survive by attaching to surfaces, example: Streptococcus mutans attaches to the surface of the teeth and cause dental carries
2. bacterial source of energy when supply is low
3. protection to hosts cell by attaching to surface hence preventing the movements of nutrients out of cell during dehydration.

Question 21

2 forms of glycocalyx

Answer 21

Capsule form and slime layer form

Question 21

the substance is organized, is firmly attached to
the cell wall, and clinically contributes to the virulence (ability to cause disease) of bacteria due to its capacity to evade phagocytosis by hosts cells

Answer 21

Capsule form

Question 21

the substance in unorganized and is loosely attached to the cell wall.

Answer 21

Slime layer form

Question 22

meaning whip

Answer 22

Flagella

Question 22

Three basic parts of Flagella

Answer 22

Filaments hook Basal body

Question 23

long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria

Answer 23

Flagella

Question 24

where filament is attached to

Answer 24

hook

Question 25

anchors the flagellum to the cell wall and plasma membrane. The flagella move by rotating from the basal body either in clockwise or counterclockwise direction.

Answer 25

Basal body

Question 26

bacterium moves in one direction

Answer 26

run or swim

Question 26

movement is termed motility which is can be presented in different patterns

Answer 26

run or swim tumbles swarm

Question 27

rapid wavelike movement

Answer 27

swarm

Question 27

periodic abrupt or random interruptions to run or swim

Answer 27

tumbles

Question 28

also called endoflagella present in Spirochetes like Borrelia burgdorferi that causes Lyme disease. The filaments are actually bundled fibrils that arise at one end of Spirochetes and spiral around it. When these filaments rotate it causes the Spirochetes to a spiral motion.

Answer 28

Axial Filaments

Question 28

is a type of a protein called pilin. It is a numerous hair like appendages that surrounds the bacterium and helps to attach to hosts surface

Answer 28

Fimbriae

Question 29

another type of the protein pilin but is only presented in one or two per bacterium. helps bacterial cell to prepare DNA transfer from one cell to another

Answer 29

Pili

Question 30

Functions of the cell wall

Answer 30

1. prevents rupture of the cell 2. maintain shape of cell 3. anchors flagella 4. contributes to the virulence of the bacteria 5. site of action of some antibiotics 6. the chemical composition of cell is used to differentiate types of bacteria.

Question 31

Semi rigid structure protects the interior of the cell from the outside environment.

Answer 31

The cell wall

Question 32

The bacterial cell wall is primarily composed of

Answer 32

Peptidoglycan

Question 32

Gram positive bacteria contains which provide the antigenic capacity of the bacteria making it possible to identify it upon laboratory tests.

Answer 32

Teichoic Acid

Question 33

Peptidoglycan is also called

Answer 33

Murein

Question 34

primarily composed of network of peptidoglycan either alone or in combination with other substances

Answer 34

Bacterial cell wall

Question 35

have multiple layers of peptidoglycan in its cell wall for a thick rigid structure.

Answer 35

Gram Positive Bacteria

Question 36

has a thin layer of peptidoglycan making it very susceptible to mechanical breakage or environmental degradation.

Answer 36

Gram negative bacteria

Question 37

also called endotoxin

Answer 37

Lipopolysaccaharides

Question 38

Gram negative bacteria cell wall (outer portion) is composed of

Answer 38

lipopolysaccharide lipoproteins and phospholipid

Question 39

Functions of lipopolysaccharide lipoproteins and phospholipid

Answer 39

1. evades phagocytosis and cell lysis 2. barrier to antibiotics and other enzymes 3. passage of molecules thru porin channels.

Question 40

Functions of LPS

Answer 40

1. provides antigenic capacity of the bacteria 2. causes physiological effects when present in the bloodstream (toxicity, fever, sepsis, shock,

Question 41

There are bacteria that is composed of higher percentage of __________ in their cell walls than peptidoglycan (Mycobacterium sp, Nocardia sp.), which prevents reaction to Gram stains.

Answer 41

Mycolic Acid

Question 42

Mycolic acid can be stained with

Answer 42

Carbolfuchsin

Question 43

Bacteria that is composed of higher percentage of mycolic acid in their cell walls than peptidoglycan it can be stained with a carbolfuchsin which resist removal with acid alcohol thus called

Answer 43

Acid-fast bacteria

Question 43

Some chemicals like ____________ can cause damage, or interfere with the synthesis of cell walls by cell lysis.

Answer 43

lysozyme

Question 43

Example of acid-fast bacteria are

Answer 43

Mycobacterium sp Nocardia sp.

Question 44

Bacteria that have an atypical cell wall

Answer 44

Mycoplasma sp.

Question 44

having no cell wall or with very little wall material

Answer 44

Atypical cell wall

Question 45

Structures internal to the cell wall

Answer 45

Plasma membrane cytoplasm Nuclear area Ribosomes Inclusions Endospores

Question 46

underlying the cell wall is a thin layer of ____________ composed mainly of phospholipids arranged in two rows called lipid bilayer

Answer 46

Plasma membrane

Question 47

inside of the bilayer (nonpolar tails) are

Answer 47

hydrophobic or water-fearing

Question 47

The outer surfaces of the lipid bilayer (polar heads) are

Answer 47

hydrophilic or water-loving

Question 48

Functions of plasma membrane

Answer 48

1. entry/exit of substances in cell by selective permeability 2. protect and lubricate the cell 3. cell-to-cell interactions, and 4. breakdown of nutrients and energy production.

Question 48

includes 1. Simple diffusion 2. Facilitated diffusion 3. Osmosis

Answer 48

Passive Processes

Question 49

The movement of materials/substances across the membrane can be either

Answer 49

Active or passive processes

Question 50

movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration

Answer 50

Simple diffusion

Question 51

same with simple diffusion but substances are transported across the membrane via transporter

Answer 51

Facilitated diffusion

Question 52

movement of a solvent molecule (water) from high concentration to low concentration via a selectively permeable membrane.

Answer 52

Osmosis

Question 52

the substance inside the plasma membrane composed mainly of water and other substances like proteins, carbohydrates or lipids.

Answer 52

Cytoplasm

Question 52

Includes 1. Active transport 2. group translocation

Answer 52

Active Processes

Question 52

the cell uses energy to transport a substance from lower to higher concentration without altering the substance

Answer 52

Active transport

Question 53

a special type of active that alters the substance being transported across a membrane.

Answer 53

Group Translocation

Question 54

also called nucleoid, located in the cytoplasm of a bacterial cell contains double-stranded DNA each for the bacterial chromosome and plasmid.

Answer 54

Nuclear area

Question 55

contains the genetic information of the cell

Answer 55

Bacterial Chromosomes

Question 56

carry genes associated to antibiotic resistance, toxin production or enzyme synthesis. important in gene manipulation of bacteria.

Answer 56

Plasmid

Question 57

Ribosomes have 2 subunits:

Answer 57

30s and 50s

Question 57

present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and serve as sites for protein synthesis. The number of this is proportional to the rate of protein production.

Answer 57

Ribosomes

Question 58

small and contains one molecule of ribosomal [rRNA] in bacteria

Answer 58

30s subunit

Question 59

larger and contains two molecules of rRNA in bacteria

Answer 59

50s subunit

Question 60

Ribosomes in bacteria are called

Answer 60

70s bacteria

Question 61

released when bacterial (parent) cell is degraded. It is capable of resistance to harsh chemicals, extreme environmental condition, and radiation. It can remain dormant for a thousand years and can return to vegetative state by germination when endospore’s coat is triggered either by physical or chemical damage.

Answer 61

Endospores

Question 61

these are specialized resting cell formed internal the cell membrane when a bacterial cell goes into vegetative state (active cell that undergoes metabolism) in a process called sporulation.

Answer 61

Endospores

Question 62

Reserve deposits

Answer 62

1. metachromatic granules 2. polysaccharide granules 3. lipid inclusions 4. sulfur granules 5. carboxysomes 6. gas vacuoles 7. magnetosomes

Question 62

these are reserve deposits

Answer 62

Inclusions

Question 63

for carbon dioxide fixation

Answer 63

carboxysomes

Question 63

Reserve Energy

Answer 63

Sulfur granules

Question 63

use in ATP synthesis

Answer 63

Metachromatic granules

Question 64

Maintain buoyancy

Answer 64

gas vacuoles

Question 64

iron oxide that acts like magnet to move until attachment

Answer 64

magnetosomes