Lesson 3: HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY, A WALK THROUGH THE PAST

Question 1

a Greek philosopher, he introduced the Theory of Spontaneous Generation which states that life come from non-living matter

Answer 1

Aristotle

Question 2

Intellectuals that opposed the theory of spontaneous generation of Aristotle but were not able to provide proof

Answer 2

Lucretius and Girolamo Fracastoro

Question 3

The very first scientist to formally challenge the Theory of Spontaneous Generation was an Italian naturalist named

Answer 3

Francesco Redi

Question 4

In 1668, he developed an experiment which demonstrated that organisms did not spontaneously appear. He hypothesized that maggots come from flies. He filled jars with rotting meat. Some jars he sealed some he left opened and other he covered with a screen. Those that were open eventually contained maggots, which is the larval stage of a fly. The sealed jars and those with screen covers did not contain maggots because flies could not enter the jar to lay eggs on the rotting meat

Answer 4

Francesco Redi

Question 5

English Scientist first popularize the use of compound microscope

Answer 5

Robert Hooke 1665

Question 6

The first person to use the word cell

Answer 6

Robert Hooke

Question 6

First invented compound microscope

Answer 6

Zacharias Janssen

Question 7

A book where Hooke described his experiments and observations made through the microscope. It featured many drawings, some of which have been attributed to Christopher Wren, such as that of a detailed flea observed through the microscope.

Answer 7

Micrografia (1665)

Question 8

He was inspired by the works of Hooke, a merchant of textiles and an amateur lens grinder, to get interested in microscope. He improved Hooke’s microscope by grinding lenses to achieve magnification, some of which magnified objects up to 270 times.

Answer 8

Antony van
Leeuwenhoek

Question 9

The debate on the origin of organism was finally settled in

Answer 9

1861 by Louis Pasteur

Question 9

The first person to view living microorganisms, so tiny that they were invisible to the naked eye, which he called “animalcules”. He first described bacteria, protozoans and many cells of the human body. Due to his contribution to the microbiology, he is considered as the “Father of Microbiology”

Answer 9

Antony van
Leeuwenhoek

Question 10

showed that microorganisms are present in the air. He proved that sterilized medical equipment’s became contaminated once they were exposed to the air.

Answer 10

Louis Pasteur

Question 10

He based this observation from his experiment of
boiling beef broth in several short-necked flasks. Some flasks were left open to cool. Other flasks were sealed after boiling. The opened
flasks became contaminated with microorganisms while no microorganisms appeared in the closed flasks. He concluded that airborne microorganisms had contaminated the opened flask.

Answer 10

Louis Pasteur

Question 11

In his follow-up experiment, Pasteur placed beef broth in an open long-necked flask. The neck was bent into an S-shape. Again he boiled the beef broth and let it cool. The S- shaped neck trapped the airborne microorganisms. The beef broth remained
uncontaminated even after months of being exposed to the air. His experiments validated that microorganisms are not spontaneously generated.

Answer 11

Louis Pasteur

Question 12

in the late 1800s led to one of the most important discoveries in sterilization and bacteriology. They discovered the thermoresistant phase of bacteria to boiling temperatures.

Answer 12

The works of John Tyndall, an English physicist, and Ferdinand, a German botanist.

Question 12

one of the best known sterilization techniques, was developed and named after Louis Pasteur.

Answer 12

Pasteurization

Question 12

discovered that bacteria existed in two forms: a heat-stable form and a heat-sensitive form, and that prolonged or intermittent heating called tyndallization destroys heat stable form of bacteria.

Answer 12

John Tyndall

Question 13

In London (1832-49) during the worst cholera outbreak, one of the very first applications of germ theory in the field of public health was recorded when English physician, _____________. He suggested to filter and boil water before use, short after he suggested that a “cell” is causing the disease. Snow believed that cholera is transmitted by water contaminated with waste of other cholera patients.

Answer 13

John Snow

Question 13

He observed that communicable diseases were caused by invisible creatures called contagion be it by direct or indirect contact. But since they were not able to provide any proof, the belief that infections are caused by bad air (miasma theory) went on for years.

Answer 13

Girolamo Fracastoro

Question 13

discovered that these heat-stable forms are spores which develop into microorganisms in inadequately heated infusions.

Answer 13

Ferdinand Cohn

Question 14

states that living matter is generated from another living matter gained popularity. This new theory leads to the active promotion of Germ Theory of Disease which states that microorganisms or germs can lead to a disease in humans, animals or other living hosts.

Answer 14

Theory of Biogenesis

Question 15

Sterilization technique by heating the liquid by boiling water.

Answer 15

Pasteurization

Question 15

saved lives by encouraging fellow doctors to wash their hands after performing autopsy and before proceeding to deliver a baby. In this manner, post-partum deaths due to childbed or puerperal fever could be prevented. Unfortunately, his suggestions were not widely accepted by the medical society.

Answer 15

Austrian physician Ignaz Semmelweis

Question 15

first conducted formal experiments to promote germ theory of disease with his experiment on fermentation of wine. He showed that growth of microorganisms cause contamination in wine that could be prevented by heating the liquid in boiling temperature. Pasteur is also credited for his discovery of weakened or attenuated vaccine against fowl cholera, anthrax for small ruminants and rabies.

Answer 15

Louis Pasteur

Question 16

elaborated the theory and practice of antiseptic surgery, which included washing the hands with carbolic acid to prevent infection. He is known as the “Father of Modern Antisepsis.

Answer 16

Scottish surgeon Joseph Lister

Question 17

successfully linked a germ, Bacillus anthracis, to a specific infectious disease, anthrax; and Mycobacterium bacillus to tuberculosis which established the germ theory of disease.

Answer 17

Robert koch

Question 18

He grew Bacillus anthracis in pure culture, demonstrated its ability to form spores and produced experimental anthrax by injecting it into his animal subjects. With these experiments he developed guidelines, the Koch’s postulates, to establish relationship between a microorganism and an infection.

Answer 18

Robert Koch

Question 18

The first antibiotic discovered by

Answer 18

Sir Alexander Fleming 1928

Question 19

Koch’s postulates stated that

Answer 19

1. The microorganism must be present in every case of
   the disease but absent from healthy host.
2. The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture from lesions of the disease.
3. The isolated organism, in pure culture, when inoculated in suitable laboratory animals should produce a similar disease.
4. The same microorganism must be isolated again in pure culture from the lesions produced in experimental animals. New addition to this postulates state that
5. Antibodies specific to the
   bacterium should be demonstrable in the serum of patient suffering from the disease. Limitations of the guidelines include species-specificity of some microorganisms, and unsuitability of some microorganisms to be grown in pure culture.

Question 19

And the protection from the disease by vaccination is called

Answer 19

Immunity

Question 20

a British physician, discovered smallpox vaccine by collecting scrapings from cowpox blisters (a much milder
form of disease) and inoculated it into a child volunteer. The child then showed mild symptoms of the disease but recovered and developed immunity against cowpox and
smallpox.

Answer 20

Edward Jenner

Question 20

The process was called vaccination from the Latin word

Answer 20

vacca which means cow

Question 20

Most of the infectious diseases are caused by bacteria which
can be prevented, managed and treated through anti-bacterial group
of compounds known as

Answer 20

Antibiotics

Question 21

The first antibiotic discovered was extracted from the

Answer 21

Penicillum sp. mold thus called Penicillin

Question 22

was extracted from the Penicillum sp. mold thus called Penicillin. He observed that his pure culture of bacterial Staphylococci sp. colonies disappeared on plates contaminated with the said mold.

Answer 22

Alexander Fleming