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Cytogenetics > Lesson 7 > Flashcards

Lesson 7 Flashcards

Transcription and Translation

1
Q

It is the information content of DNA in form of specific sequences of nucleotides along the DNA strands

A

Protein synthesis

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2
Q

In protein synthesis, when the DNA is inherited by an organism, it leads to what?

A

specific traits

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3
Q

The process by which DNA directs protein synthesis

A

Gene expression

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4
Q

The two stages of gene expression

A

Transcription and Translation

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5
Q

Simply codes for making polypeptides

A

Genes

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6
Q

DNA is stored in:

A

the Nucleus

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7
Q

Polypeptide is produced in:

A

the Cytoplasm (by ribosome)

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8
Q

A message from the nucleus to the ribosome that is the instructions for how to put the polypeptide together

A

mRNA

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9
Q

What do you call the sequence of bases on mRNA

A

Genetic Code

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10
Q

This tells the ribosome which amino acids to use

A

Genetic code

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11
Q

DNA double helix is unwinding

A

Replication

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12
Q

DNA is now single stranded and a new DNA strand forms using what?

A

complementary base pairing

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13
Q

Replication is used to prepare DNA for

A

cell division

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14
Q

It is when a whole genome is copied/replicated

A

Replication

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15
Q

T/F: In a eukaryotic cell, the nuclear envelope separates transcription from translation

A

True

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16
Q

In Transcription and Translation, where does extensive RNA processing occur?

A

In the nucleus

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17
Q

T/F: The nucleus provides a separate compartment for transcription

A

True

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18
Q

The original RNA transcript that is processed in various ways before leaving the nucleus as mRNA

A

pre-mRNA

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19
Q

It is the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA

A

Transcription

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20
Q

RNA synthesis is catalyzed by ______

A

RNA polymerase

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21
Q

It pries the DNA strands apart and hooks together the RNA nucleotides during transcription

A

RNA polymerase

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22
Q

RNA synthesis follows the same base-pairing rules as DNA except that

A

Uracil substitutes for Thymine

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23
Q

Strands in RNA

A

single

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24
Q

RNA is short and is

A

Only 1 gene long

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25
Q

Sugar used in RNA

A

Ribose

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26
Q

Base used in RNA

A

Uracil

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27
Q

Types of RNA

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

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28
Q

Carries information specifying amino acid sequences of proteins from DNA to ribosomes

A

mRNA

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29
Q

Serves as adapter molecule in protein synthesis; translates mRNA codons into amino acids

A

tRNA

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30
Q

Plays catalytic roles and structural roles in ribosome

A

rRNA

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31
Q

Catalytic role of rRNA

A

ribozyme

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32
Q

Serves as precursor to mRNA, rRNA or tRNA before being processed by splicing or cleavage. Some intron RNA acts as a ribozyme catalyzing its own splicing.

A

Primary transcript

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33
Q

Plays structural and catalytic roles in spliceosomes, the complexes of protein and RNA that splice pre-mRNA

A

small nuclear RNA (snRNA)

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34
Q

Stages that Transcription and Translation follow

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
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35
Q

Initiation in Transcription:

A

Synthesis of an RNA transcript

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36
Q

Signal the initiation of RNA synthesis

A

Promoters

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37
Q

How does RNA polymerase synthesize a single strand of RNA against the anti-sense strand

A

By adding nucleotides to the 3’ end of the RNA chain

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37
Q

Help eukaryotic RNA polymerase recognize promoter sequences

A

Transcription factors

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38
Q

RNA polymerase synthesizes a single strand of RNA against the DNA template strand

A

Elongation in Transcription:

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39
Q

As RNA polymerase moves along the DNA, it continues to untwist the doubles by:

A

Exposing about 10 to 20 DNA bases at a time for pairing with RNA nucleotides

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40
Q

Newly synthesized RNA molecule is released from the DNA template

A

Termination in Transcription:

41
Q

They signal termination of transcription indicating completion

A

Specific sequences in the DNA (Termination signals)

42
Q

What happens when ones of the specific sequences in the DNA is encountered by the polymerase?

A

The RNA transcript is released from the DNA and the double helix can zip up again

43
Q

What mechanism is done in the termination of transcription?

A

Intrinsic

44
Q

When most eukaryotic mRNAs aren’t ready to be translated into protein directly after being transcribed, what is required?

A

Post Termination RNA processing

45
Q

Where does the transcription of RNA processing occur?

A

Nucleus

46
Q

Where does the mRNA move the transcript for translation?

A

Cytoplasm

47
Q

What does the cell add to protect the RNA from enzymes that would degrade it?

A

Protective cap to one end and a tail of As to the other end

48
Q

Non-coding regions

A

Introns

49
Q

They may have specific chromosomal functions or have regulatory purposes

A

Non-coding regions

50
Q

Areas that also allows for alternative RNA splicing

A

Introns

51
Q

Two things that an RNA copy of a gene is converted into a messenger RNA

A
  1. Add protective bases to the ends
  2. Cut out the introns
52
Q

How does alteration of mRNA ends?

A

It is modifying each end of a pre-mRNA molecule on the 5’ with a cap as 3’ gets a poly-A tail (AAA)

53
Q

It is the original transcript from the DNA

A

pre-mRNA

54
Q

pre-mRNA contains transcripts of both ________

A

introns and exons

55
Q

What is removed by a process called splicing to produce mRNA?

A

Introns

56
Q

The discrete structural and functional regions of the modular architecture of a protein

A

Domains

57
Q

Different exons code for =

A

Different domains in a protein

58
Q

What makes an mRNA mature?

A

When introns are spliced.

59
Q

It is the RNA-directed synthesis of polypeptide

A

Translation

60
Q

Translation involves

A
  1. mRNA
  2. rRNA (ribosomes)
  3. tRNA
  4. Codons (genetic coding)
61
Q

It is encoded as a sequence of non-overlapping base triplets or codons

A

Genetic information

62
Q

It is the 3 base code for the production of a specific amino acid

A

Codons

63
Q

How many possible codons are there with 4 bases and 3 positions?

A

64 possible codons

64
Q

3 of the 64 codons are used as what

A

STOP signals

65
Q

Where are the STOP signals found?

A

at the end of every gene and mark the end of the protein

66
Q

How many codons are used as a START signal as the every protein?

A

One codon

67
Q

Is the genetic code in all living organisms?

A

Yes, it is universal

68
Q

It can either be translated into an amino acid or serves as a translational start/stop signal

A

Codon in mRNA

69
Q

UAA
UAG
UGA

A

STOP

70
Q

This RNA consist a single that is only 80 nucleotides long

A

tRNA

71
Q

What does a tRNA carry?

A

Specific amino acid on one end and an anticodon on the other

72
Q

It pairs the proper tRNA molecules with their corresponding amino acids

A

A special group of enzymes ;>

73
Q

They bring amino acids to the ribosomes

A

tRNA

74
Q

AUG

A

START (Methionine)

75
Q

3 dimensional tRNA molecule shape

A

rough “L” shape

76
Q

They facilitate the specific coupling of tRNA anticodons with mRNA codons during protein syntehsis

A

Ribosomes

77
Q

How many subunits in the ribosome are constructed of proteins?

A

2

78
Q

RNA molecules in the ribosomes are?

A

rRNA

79
Q

What is in the Ribosome?

A

2 ribosomal units (proteins) and rRNA

80
Q

What stages of the replication is a polypeptide built?

A

Translation

81
Q

The bringing together of mRNA (w/ code), tRNA (w/ amino acid), and 2 ribosomal subunits

A

Initiation in Translation:

82
Q

Amino acids are added one by one to the preceding amino acid

A

Elongation in Translation:

83
Q

Three steps of Elongation in Translation:

A
  1. Codon recognition
  2. Peptide bond formation
  3. Translocation
84
Q

What step is when the anticodon of an incoming aminoacyl tRNA base-pairs w/ the complementary mRNA codon in the A site as hydrolysis of GTP (guanosine triphosphate) increases the accuracy and efficiency of this step?

A

Codon recognition

85
Q

What step is when an rRNA molecule of the large subunit catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond between the new amino acid in the A site and the carboxyl end of the growing polypeptide in the P site. This step attaches the polypeptide to the tRNA in the A site.

A

Peptide bond formation

86
Q

What step is when the ribosome translocates the tRNA in the A site to the P site. the empty tRNA in the P site is moved to the E site, where it is released. The mRNA moves along with its bound tRNAs, translated into the A site.

A

Translocation

87
Q

What are the sites in the large ribosomal subunit ?

A

A, P, and E

88
Q

This subunit is responsible for forming peptide bonds between amino acids, creating the growing polypeptide chain.

A

Large subunit

89
Q

This subunit is responsible for reading the mRNA sequence and ensuring correct base-pairing with tRNA anticodons.

A

Small subunit

90
Q

This is where the aminoacyl-tRNA (carrying an amino acid) first binds to the ribosome. It ensures that the correct tRNA is matched with the corresponding codon on the mRNA.

A

A site (Aminoacyl)

91
Q

This is where the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain resides. It’s where the amino acid from the tRNA in the A site is transferred to the polypeptide chain.

A

P site (Peptidyl)

92
Q

This is where the empty tRNA, after transferring its amino acid to the polypeptide chain, exits the ribosome to be recharged with another amino acid.

A

E site (Exit)

93
Q

It is the final stage in which the ribosome reaches a stop codon in the mRNA

A

Termination in Translation

94
Q

What happens when the ribosome reaches a STOP codon?

A

There is no corresponding tRNA

95
Q

What attaches to the STOP codon that causes the whole complex (mRNA, 2 ribosomal subunits, and the new polypeptide) to fall apart?

A

Release factor

96
Q

Can the mRNA be translated many times?

A

Yes, it can, to produce many protein copies

97
Q

How does the release factor cause the whole complex to fall apart?

A

The release actor hydrolyzes the bond between the tRNA in the P site and the last amino acid of the polypeptide chain.

98
Q

What happens post-translation?

A

It might be inserted into a membrane or fold spontaneously into their active configuration and spontaneously join with other polypeptides to form the final proteins

99
Q

What other molecules sometimes also attach to the polypeptides that makes them have special purposes for protein function?

A

Sugars
Lipids
Phosphates

Cytogenetics (11 decks)

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