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Cytogenetics > Lesson 3 > Flashcards

Lesson 3 Flashcards

Basic Laws of Inheritance

1
Q

The Basic Laws of Inheritance

A

Mendelian Genetics

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2
Q

Mendelian Genetics

A
  • Law of Dominance
  • Law of Segregation
  • Law of Independent Assortment
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3
Q

Any pattern of Inheritance in which traits do not segregate in accordance with Mendel’s Laws

A

Non-Mendelian Inheritance

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4
Q

Non-Mendelian Inheritance

A

Co-dominance
Incomplete Dominance
Polygenic Inheritance
Multiple Alleles
Pleiotropy
Gene Linkage
Extra-nuclear Inheritance
Sex-linked Inheritance

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5
Q

In crossing between homozygous organisms for contrasting characters of a pair, ONLY ONE character of the pair appears in the first generation

A

Law of Dominance

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6
Q

The character that dominates

A

Dominant

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7
Q

The one that remains unexpressed

A

Recessive

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8
Q

Only expressed when the offspring has two copies in the same way as the dominant character

A

Recessive character

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9
Q

T/F: Law of Dominance is strictly only used for genotypic characters and does not represent the phenotype of the individual

A

True

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10
Q

Law of Dominance: When do homozygous chromosomes separate so that the chromosome with T or t gene is passed to the gamete

A

Gametogenesis

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11
Q

Law of Dominance: When do two gamete combine and produce a new individual with both the character

A

Fertilization

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12
Q

The offspring is now called _____ as it contains two different genes for a pair of contrasting characters

A

Heterozygote or hybrid

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13
Q

This law is not applicable for all living organisms as it is ONLY VALID in the case of DIPLOID organisms and the organisms that undergo sexual reproduction

A

Law of Dominance

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14
Q

The hybrids or heterozygotes of F1 generation have two contrasting characters of dominant and recessive nature where the alleles though remain together for a long time do not contaminate or mix with each other and separate or segregate at the time of gametogenesis so that each gamete receives only one allele of a character either dominant or recessive

A

Law of Segregation

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15
Q

This law states that only a single gene copy from a parent is distributed in a gamete and the allocation of the gene copies is entirely random

A

Law of Segregation

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16
Q

Allows the concept of hereditary factors that remain as separate entities even when present together with other similar entities

A

Law of Segregation

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17
Q

T/F: Law of Segregation was used to disprove a blending theory by the generation of traits encoded by recessive alleles in the F1 generation

A

True

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18
Q

Law that is based on the first phase of the meiotic cell division, where homologous chromosome with two copies of the same gene are segregated into individual daughter nuclei

A

Law of Segregation

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19
Q

Example of Law of Segregation in human skin

A

Albinism in humans

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20
Q

The lack of pigment production in humans due to the presence of an abnormal recessive trait that results in the lack of production of the tyrosinase enzyme required for the synthesis of melanin

A

Albinism

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21
Q

This law is ONLY applicable to DIPLOID that are formed FROM HAPLOID gametes during sexual reproduction

A

Law of Segregation

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22
Q

The law is NOT VALID for genes that are COLLABORATIVE and might vary in expression & COMPLEMENTARY

A

Law of Segregation

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23
Q

What Mendelian Law works well with a monohybrid cross

A

Law of Segregation

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24
Q

When the parents differ from each other in two or more pairs of contrasting characters, the inheritance of one pair of characters is independent of the other

A

Law of Independent Assortment

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25
Q

The law that states all transfer of particular character from parents to the offspring remains unaffected by other characters

A

Law of Independent Assortment

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26
Q

What Mendelian Law works well with a dihybrid cross

A

Law of Independent Assortment

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27
Q

Based on meiosis cell division where diploid chromosomes in parents are separated to form haploid gametes that occurs independently from each other in a random manner

A

Law of Independent Assortment

28
Q

This law does NOT hold TRUE for LINKED GENES present on the SAME LOCI that are usually inherited together

A

Law of Independent Assortment

29
Q

This law is NOT APPLICABLE for genetic traits where they exhibit INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE or CO-DOMINANCE or MULTIPLE FACTORS

A

Law of Independent Assortment

30
Q

Believed to be a violation of the Law of Dominance

A

Co-dominance

31
Q

Equal expression of traits at the same time

A

Co-dominance

32
Q

When sometimes a heterozygote dominant allele does not completely mask the phenotypic expression of the recessive allele; occurs an intermediate phenotype in the heterozygote

A

Incomplete dominance

33
Q

Traits are blended together

A

Incomplete dominance

34
Q

Example: AB blood type

A

Co-dominance

35
Q

Example: Red & White = Pink

A

Incomplete dominance

36
Q

When one characteristic is controlled by two or more genes

A

Polygenic Inheritance

37
Q

Example: Skin Color

A

Polygenic Inheritance

38
Q

Multiple alleles of a given gene

A

Multiple alleles

39
Q

Example: ABO blood type & rabbit coat color

A

Multiple alleles

40
Q

Some genes that affect MANY different characteristics, not just a single characteristic

A

Pleiotropy

41
Q

Example: Marfan Syndrome

A

Pleiotropy

42
Q

Each chromosome contains more than one gene; fairly close to each other, tend to be inherited together

A

Gene Linkage

43
Q

Occurrence of certain extranuclear genes or DNA molecules in the cytoplasm of many prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

Extra-nuclear Inheritance

44
Q

Example: Mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

Extra-nuclear Inheritance

45
Q

The inheritance of a trait (phenotype) that is determined by a gene located on ONE of the sex chromosomes

A

Sex-Linked Inherited

46
Q

Genes that occur exclusively on the X chromosome

A

X-Linked genes

47
Q

Genes that occur exclusively in the Y chromosome

A

holandric genes

48
Q

Inheritance in X-Linked or holandric genes

A

Sex-linked inheritance

49
Q

Genes in the differential regions are called ___ in males

A

hemizygous

50
Q

Shows criss-cross pattern of inheritance

A

X-Linked Recessive Genes

51
Q

X-linked recessive are usually found more frequently in

A

Males

52
Q

Are usually carriers

A

Females

53
Q

X-Linked: When father is affected

A

Affected: all daughters, 1/2 sons

54
Q

X-Linked: When both the mother and father bear recessive allele

A

Affected Female

55
Q

X-Linked: When only the mother carries the gene

A

Affected Male

56
Q

X-Linked: Affected Recessive male

A

None of the sons are affected

57
Q

A defect in which a person cannot distinguish between red, green or both colors from other colors

A

Color-blindness

58
Q

royal disease; lack of blood protein (clotting factor VIII and clotting factor IX) that causes the inability of blood to clot normally even after a minor injury

A

Hemophilia (Bleeder’s disease)

59
Q

X-Linked are usually detected on

A

Females

60
Q

X-Linked Males pass it on ____, none on ____

A

Daughters, Sons

61
Q

X-Linked Females pass it on ______

A

1/2 to sons and daughters

62
Q
  • hypophosphatemia (Vit D - resistant rickets)
  • hypoplastic amelogenesis (enamel hypoplasia imperfecta)
A

X-Linked examples

63
Q

Male to male direct transmission of genes in the non-homologous region of the Y chromosome

A

Y-Linked Gene Inheritance

64
Q
  • ichthyosis hystrix hypertrichosis (hair on pinna of ear)
  • H-Y antigen, height, etc
A

Y-Linked examples

65
Q

A table checkboard grid based on the principle of independent assortment

A

Punnett Square

66
Q

Who introduced the concept of the Punnett square

A

Reginald Punnett in 1905

67
Q

Used to predict genotypes

A

Punnett squares

Cytogenetics (11 decks)

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