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Cytogenetics > Lesson 4 > Flashcards

Lesson 4 Flashcards

The Genetic Material

1
Q

Can take form of either a DNA or RNA and is important in storing vital information that are passed on from generation to generation

A

The Genetic Material

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2
Q

Macromolecule type of DNA and RNA

A

Nucleic Acids

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3
Q

located in the nucleus and is the main repository of genetic information among all living organisms and many viruses

A

DNA

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4
Q

DNA (full)

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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5
Q

DNA is first isolated in 1869 by

A

Friedrich Miescher

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6
Q

T2 phage that discovered DNA to carry genetic information in 1952

A

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

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7
Q

Introduced the double helix in 1953

A

Francis Crick and James Watson

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8
Q

The fundamental relationship of RNA and DNA in 1957

A

Francis Crick

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9
Q

Two chains of biopolymer interlaced with one another

A

Double Helix structure

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10
Q

two strands in DNA

A

Polynucleotides

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11
Q

the smaller unit of polynucleotide

A

Nucleotide

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12
Q

Nucleotide is made up of:

A
  • Nitrogen-base(nucleobase)
  • Pentose sugar
  • Phosphate group
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13
Q

The pentose sugar of DNA

A

deoxyribose

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14
Q

What bond joins the nucleotide?

A

covalent bond

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15
Q

Nucleobase + Sugar

A

Nucleoside

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16
Q

In the sugar backbone of DNA, what makes it connect to all other DNA components?

A

2-deoxyribose is an aldopentose; absence on the 2’ hydroxyl group allowing it to be mechanically flexible leading to the formation of the double helix

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17
Q

Nitrogen-containing molecules that are important in making repetitive patterns in the DNA that allows it maintain genetic information within the molecule

A

Nucleobases/ Nitrogenous bases

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18
Q

What are the two types of nucleobases in DNA

A

pyrimidines and purines

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19
Q

The pyrimidines

A

Cytosine and Thymine

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20
Q

The purines

A

Adenine and Guanine

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21
Q

Which is single-ringed

A

Pyrimidine

22
Q

Which is double-ringed

A

Purine

23
Q

The base of one strand pairs with the base of the opposite strand in a complementary fashion

A

Complementary base pairing

24
Q

Purine always pairs with

A

Pyrimidine

25
Q

What bond is used to connect bases

A

hydrogen bonds

26
Q

Bonds: A & T

A

2 hydrogen bonds

27
Q

Bonds: G & C

A

3 hydrogen bonds

28
Q

What do you call a DNA sequence when its sequence is the same as that of an mRNA that is translated into protein?

A

Sense

29
Q

The opposite strand is called

A

anti-sense

30
Q

How is DNA supercoiled?

A

slightly negatively

31
Q

The supercoiling of the DNA means _____

A

It goes the opposite direction of the helical unit giving the double helix

32
Q

It depends on factors, of DNA supercoiling, presence of compounds w/ amino groups or polyamines in a solution, hydration level and etc

A

Alternate DNA structures

33
Q

What are alternative conformational forms of DNA molecules that exist

A

A-DNA
Z-DNA
B-DNA

34
Q

A single-stranded molecule that plays a crucial role in the regulation and expression of genes

A

RNA

35
Q

RNA is

A

ribonucleic acid

36
Q

-Protein synthesis
-Communicating cellular signals
-Catalyzing chemical reactions

A

RNA functions:

37
Q

What is the unmethylated form of thymine?

A

Uracil

38
Q

What is the sugar backbone of RNA

A

Ribose

39
Q

What is the pyrimidine used in RNA as to replace thymine

A

Uracil

40
Q

Types of RNA

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

41
Q

Responsible for carrying information about a protein sequence to the ribosomes

A

mRNA

42
Q

Where are proteins synthesized

A

Ribosomes

43
Q

Building block of proteins

A

Amino acids

44
Q

It corresponds to an amino acid every three nucleotide

A

Codon

45
Q

Transfer amino acids to growing polypeptide chains at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis

A

tRNA

46
Q

DNA to mRNA is

A

Transcription

47
Q

mRNA to Protein is

A

Translation

48
Q

The catalytic component of the ribosome that comprise majority of RNA

A

rRNA

49
Q

an RNA with two complementary strands that are found among viruses

A

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)

50
Q

DNA vs RNA: More stable

A

DNA

51
Q

Uracil pairs with

A

Adenine

52
Q

What mediates the formation of Tloop, and the protection of the branch point

A

TRF-2 protein

Cytogenetics (11 decks)

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