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Cytogenetics > Lesson 4 > Flashcards

Lesson 4 Flashcards

The Genetic Material

1
Q

Can take form of either a DNA or RNA and is important in storing vital information that are passed on from generation to generation

A

The Genetic Material

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2
Q

Macromolecule type of DNA and RNA

A

Nucleic Acids

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3
Q

located in the nucleus and is the main repository of genetic information among all living organisms and many viruses

A

DNA

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4
Q

DNA (full)

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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5
Q

DNA is first isolated in 1869 by

A

Friedrich Miescher

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6
Q

T2 phage that discovered DNA to carry genetic information in 1952

A

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

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7
Q

Introduced the double helix in 1953

A

Francis Crick and James Watson

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8
Q

The fundamental relationship of RNA and DNA in 1957

A

Francis Crick

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9
Q

Two chains of biopolymer interlaced with one another

A

Double Helix structure

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10
Q

two strands in DNA

A

Polynucleotides

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11
Q

the smaller unit of polynucleotide

A

Nucleotide

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12
Q

Nucleotide is made up of:

A
  • Nitrogen-base(nucleobase)
  • Pentose sugar
  • Phosphate group
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13
Q

The pentose sugar of DNA

A

deoxyribose

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14
Q

What bond joins the nucleotide?

A

covalent bond

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15
Q

Nucleobase + Sugar

A

Nucleoside

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16
Q

In the sugar backbone of DNA, what makes it connect to all other DNA components?

A

2-deoxyribose is an aldopentose; absence on the 2’ hydroxyl group allowing it to be mechanically flexible leading to the formation of the double helix

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17
Q

Nitrogen-containing molecules that are important in making repetitive patterns in the DNA that allows it maintain genetic information within the molecule

A

Nucleobases/ Nitrogenous bases

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18
Q

What are the two types of nucleobases in DNA

A

pyrimidines and purines

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19
Q

The pyrimidines

A

Cytosine and Thymine

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20
Q

The purines

A

Adenine and Guanine

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21
Q

Which is single-ringed

A

Pyrimidine

22
Q

Which is double-ringed

23
Q

The base of one strand pairs with the base of the opposite strand in a complementary fashion

A

Complementary base pairing

24
Q

Purine always pairs with

A

Pyrimidine

25
What bond is used to connect bases
hydrogen bonds
26
Bonds: A & T
2 hydrogen bonds
27
Bonds: G & C
3 hydrogen bonds
28
What do you call a DNA sequence when its sequence is the same as that of an mRNA that is translated into protein?
Sense
29
The opposite strand is called
anti-sense
30
How is DNA supercoiled?
slightly negatively
31
The supercoiling of the DNA means _____
It goes the opposite direction of the helical unit giving the double helix
32
It depends on factors, of DNA supercoiling, presence of compounds w/ amino groups or polyamines in a solution, hydration level and etc
Alternate DNA structures
33
What are alternative conformational forms of DNA molecules that exist
A-DNA Z-DNA B-DNA
34
A single-stranded molecule that plays a crucial role in the regulation and expression of genes
RNA
35
RNA is
ribonucleic acid
36
-Protein synthesis -Communicating cellular signals -Catalyzing chemical reactions
RNA functions:
37
What is the unmethylated form of thymine?
Uracil
38
What is the sugar backbone of RNA
Ribose
39
What is the pyrimidine used in RNA as to replace thymine
Uracil
40
Types of RNA
mRNA tRNA rRNA
41
Responsible for carrying information about a protein sequence to the ribosomes
mRNA
42
Where are proteins synthesized
Ribosomes
43
Building block of proteins
Amino acids
44
It corresponds to an amino acid every three nucleotide
Codon
45
Transfer amino acids to growing polypeptide chains at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis
tRNA
46
DNA to mRNA is
Transcription
47
mRNA to Protein is
Translation
48
The catalytic component of the ribosome that comprise majority of RNA
rRNA
49
an RNA with two complementary strands that are found among viruses
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)
50
DNA vs RNA: More stable
DNA
51
Uracil pairs with
Adenine
52
What mediates the formation of Tloop, and the protection of the branch point
TRF-2 protein

Cytogenetics (11 decks)

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