Lesson 4 Flashcards
The Genetic Material
Can take form of either a DNA or RNA and is important in storing vital information that are passed on from generation to generation
The Genetic Material
Macromolecule type of DNA and RNA
Nucleic Acids
located in the nucleus and is the main repository of genetic information among all living organisms and many viruses
DNA
DNA (full)
deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA is first isolated in 1869 by
Friedrich Miescher
T2 phage that discovered DNA to carry genetic information in 1952
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase
Introduced the double helix in 1953
Francis Crick and James Watson
The fundamental relationship of RNA and DNA in 1957
Francis Crick
Two chains of biopolymer interlaced with one another
Double Helix structure
two strands in DNA
Polynucleotides
the smaller unit of polynucleotide
Nucleotide
Nucleotide is made up of:
- Nitrogen-base(nucleobase)
- Pentose sugar
- Phosphate group
The pentose sugar of DNA
deoxyribose
What bond joins the nucleotide?
covalent bond
Nucleobase + Sugar
Nucleoside
In the sugar backbone of DNA, what makes it connect to all other DNA components?
2-deoxyribose is an aldopentose; absence on the 2’ hydroxyl group allowing it to be mechanically flexible leading to the formation of the double helix
Nitrogen-containing molecules that are important in making repetitive patterns in the DNA that allows it maintain genetic information within the molecule
Nucleobases/ Nitrogenous bases
What are the two types of nucleobases in DNA
pyrimidines and purines
The pyrimidines
Cytosine and Thymine
The purines
Adenine and Guanine
Which is single-ringed
Pyrimidine
Which is double-ringed
Purine
The base of one strand pairs with the base of the opposite strand in a complementary fashion
Complementary base pairing
Purine always pairs with
Pyrimidine
What bond is used to connect bases
hydrogen bonds
Bonds: A & T
2 hydrogen bonds
Bonds: G & C
3 hydrogen bonds
What do you call a DNA sequence when its sequence is the same as that of an mRNA that is translated into protein?
Sense
The opposite strand is called
anti-sense
How is DNA supercoiled?
slightly negatively
The supercoiling of the DNA means _____
It goes the opposite direction of the helical unit giving the double helix
It depends on factors, of DNA supercoiling, presence of compounds w/ amino groups or polyamines in a solution, hydration level and etc
Alternate DNA structures
What are alternative conformational forms of DNA molecules that exist
A-DNA
Z-DNA
B-DNA
A single-stranded molecule that plays a crucial role in the regulation and expression of genes
RNA
RNA is
ribonucleic acid
-Protein synthesis
-Communicating cellular signals
-Catalyzing chemical reactions
RNA functions:
What is the unmethylated form of thymine?
Uracil
What is the sugar backbone of RNA
Ribose
What is the pyrimidine used in RNA as to replace thymine
Uracil
Types of RNA
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
Responsible for carrying information about a protein sequence to the ribosomes
mRNA
Where are proteins synthesized
Ribosomes
Building block of proteins
Amino acids
It corresponds to an amino acid every three nucleotide
Codon
Transfer amino acids to growing polypeptide chains at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis
tRNA
DNA to mRNA is
Transcription
mRNA to Protein is
Translation
The catalytic component of the ribosome that comprise majority of RNA
rRNA
an RNA with two complementary strands that are found among viruses
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)
DNA vs RNA: More stable
DNA
Uracil pairs with
Adenine
What mediates the formation of Tloop, and the protection of the branch point
TRF-2 protein
