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Lesson 6 Flashcards

DNA Replication

1
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid is made out of:

A

sugars (deoxyribose)
phosphates
nitrogen bases

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2
Q

Who discovered the DNA structure in 1953?

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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3
Q

What is Chargoff’s Rule?

A

A=T
C=G

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4
Q

What are the four requirements for DNA to be a genetic material?

A
  • Must carry information
  • Must replicate
  • Must allow for information to change
  • Must govern the expression of the phenotype
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5
Q

DNA requirement that is cracking the genetic code

A

Carrying information

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6
Q

DNA requirement that replicates

A

DNA replication

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7
Q

DNA requirement for allowing information to change

A

Mutation

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8
Q

DNA requirement that govern the expression of the phenotype

A

Gene function

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9
Q

Where does DNA store information?

A

In the sequence of its bases

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10
Q

Much of DNA’s sequence of information is accessible only when:

A

The double helix is UNWOUND

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11
Q

When do proteins read the DNA sequence of nucleotides?

A

As the DNA helix unwinds

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12
Q

Can proteins bind to a DNA sequence or initiate the copying of it?

A

Both

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13
Q

How are some genetic information accessible even in intact?

A

In double-stranded molecules

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14
Q

How do some proteins recognize the base sequence of DNA without unwinding it?

A

with restriction enzymes

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15
Q

Three things that happens when cells divide:

A
  • growth
  • repair
  • replacement
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16
Q

Before cells divide, what happens to the cell structures, organelles and genetic information?

A

Double

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17
Q

DNA replication occurs with

A

great fidelity

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18
Q

Essential for DNA replication:

A
  • Somatic cell DNA stability
  • reproductive-cell DNA stability
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19
Q

What does stability have to do with DNA replication?

A
  • ensures identity
  • to avoid occurrence of genetic diseases
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20
Q

It is the process of duplication of the entire genome prior to cell division

A

DNA replication

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21
Q

The significance of DNA replication

A

Biological Significance

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22
Q

Why is extreme accuracy of DNA replication necessary?

A

In order to preserve the integrity of the genome in successive generations

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23
Q

When does replication occur in eukaryotes?

A

S phase

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24
Q

Replication rate in eukaryotes that results in a higher fidelity/accuracy of replication

A

slower

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25
3 possible models of DNA replication
- Semi-conservative - Conservative - Dispersive
26
Basic rules of DNA replication
1. semi-conservative 2. starts at the "origin" 3. uni/bidirectional 4. semi-discontinuous 5. RNA primers required
27
One strand of duplex passed on unchanged to each of the daughter cells
Semi-conservative
28
Act as a template for the synthesis of a new, complementary strand by the enzyme DNA polymerase
"conserved" strand
29
Who demonstrated the semi-conservative model of DNA?
Meselson and Stahl
30
The initiator proteins that identify specific base sequences on DNA
sites of origin
31
Prokaryotes origin
single
32
Eukaryotes origin
multiple sites
33
The direction of synthesis is always
5' - 3'
34
In 5'-3' direction, what are only added to the 3' end of the growing strand?
nucleotides
35
What part of the new nucleotide binds to the 3'-OH group of the last nucleotide of the growing strand?
5'-phosphate group
36
In DNA replication, free nucleotides are added unto a _________ in a 5' to 3' direction taking energy for what bonds?
polynucleotide chain, phosphodiester bonds
37
The energy needed for the phosphodiester bonds to form are generated
only one way
38
Bonds that form between sugar and phosphate to form the backbone of nucleic acids for stability
Phosphodiester bonds
39
Directions of DNA replication
Unidirectional & Bidirectional
40
Process of DNA replication
semi-discontinuous replication
41
Anti-parallel strands that replicate simultaneously
Leading strand & Lagging strand
42
What strand synthesizes continuously in 5'-3'?
Leading
43
What strand synthesizes in fragments in 5'-3'?
Lagging
44
New strand synthesis is always in what direction?
5'-3' direction
45
DNA fragments in the Lagging strand
Okazaki fragments
46
It is required short nucleic acid sequence that provides a starting point for DNA synthesis
RNA primer
47
A primer must be synthesized before DNA replication can occur by what enzyme?
Primase
48
A type of RNA polymerase that synthesizes a primer
primase
49
What enzyme synthesizes DNA?
DNA polymerase
50
DNA polymerase can only attach ___________ to an existing strand of nucleotides
new DNA nucleotides
51
It serves to prime and foundation for DNA synthesis
primer
52
Primers are ______ before DNA replication is complete
removed
53
The gaps in the sequence are filled in with DNA by ___________
DNA polymerase
54
Core proteins at the replication fork
1. Topoisomerases 2. Helicases 3. Primase 4. Single strand binding proteins 5. DNA polymerase 6. Tethering protein 7. DNA ligase
55
Prevents torsion by DNA breaks
Topoisomerase
56
Separates 2 strands
Helicase
57
RNA primer synthesis
Primase
58
Prevent reannealing of single strands
Single strand binding protein
59
Synthesis of new strand
DNA polymerase
60
Stabilizes polymerase
Tethering protein
61
Seals nick via phosphodiester linkage
DNA ligase
62
What are the steps of Replication?
1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination
63
Proteins bind to DNA and open up the double helix and prepare DNA for complementary base pairing
Initiation
64
Proteins connect the correct sequences of nucleotides into a continuous new strand of DNA
Elongation
65
Proteins release the replication complex
Termination
66
DNA replication usually proceeds in what direction
Bidirectionally
67
DNA polymerase III adds nucleotidesin what direction
5' - 3' direction
68
It removes the RNA primer and replaces it with DNA
DNA polymerase I
69
They have 3' to 5' exonuclease activity
DNA polymerase I & DNA polymerase III
70
What exonuclease activity is in 3' to 5'?
Proofreading
71
It has a 5' to 3' exonuclease activity
DNA polymerase I
72
What exonuclease activity is in 5' to 3'?
DNA repair
73
It is preparing the double helix for use as a template
Initiation
74
Relieves the strain ahead of the replication fork
DNA gyrase
75
Linkage of subunits through the formation of phosphodiester bonds
Polymerization
76
What does a DNA polymerase III first joins?
Correctly paired nucleotides to 3' end of the growing chain
77
When must the last primer sequence be removed from the end of the lagging strand?
During termination
78
What do you call the last portion of the lagging strand containing a repeating non-coding sequence of bases?
The telomere section
79
What leads to shorter strands after each cycle?
Enzymes snip off each a telomere at the end of each replication
80
Enzymes that proofread the new double helix structures and remove mispaired bases
Nucleases
81
It fills in the gaps created by the excised bases
DNA polymerase

Cytogenetics (11 decks)

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