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Lesson 2 Flashcards

Introduction to Cytology

1
Q

Branch of genetics that studies the function of the cell, specifically the chromosomes, in the process of inheritance

A

Cytogenetics

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2
Q

Discovery of chromosomes in plants cells

A

Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli 1842

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3
Q

Chromosomes in animal cell (salamander)

A

Walter Fleming

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4
Q

Human karyotype included only how many chromosomes (include year)

A

46 chromosomes, 1956

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5
Q

Three techniques employed in Cytogenetics

A

Karyotyping
FISH
DNA microarray technology

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6
Q

Routine analysis of chromosomes at the metaphase stage; most basic technique

A

Karyotyping

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7
Q

What stage does Karyotyping occur

A

Metaphase stage

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8
Q

Karyotyping banded using

A

trypsin

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9
Q

Karyotyping stains after banding using trypsin

A

Giemsa
Leishman
both

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10
Q

Types of Karyotyping

A

G-banding
Q-banding
C-banding
NOR stains

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11
Q

Can identify chromosomal aberrations (translocation and rearrangements); useful in creating a karyogram

A

G-banding

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12
Q

Stain specifically binds to phosphate groups of the DNA and where there is high adenine-thymine bonding

A

Giemsa banding

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13
Q

A much earlier Fluorescent staining technique

A

Quinacrine banding

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14
Q

Developed Q-banding in late 1960s

A

Toborson Caspersson

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15
Q

Stains heterochromatin near the centromere

A

C-banding

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16
Q

Highlights the satellites and stalks of acrocentric chromosomes

A

Nucleolar Organizing Region stains (NOR stains)

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17
Q

Cytogenetic technique that uses fluorescent probes that attaches to specific areas in the chromosome with high degree sequence complementarity

A

Fluorescent In-situ Hybridization

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18
Q

Used to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences in the chromosomes

A

FISH

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19
Q

Collection of microscopic DNA spots attracted to a solid surface; makes use of a DNA microarray or a DNA chip

A

DNA microarray analysis

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20
Q

Types of microarray

A

Traditional solid-phase
Alternative bead array

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21
Q

spots attached to the surface

A

Traditional solid-phase array

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22
Q

using polyesterene beads each with a specific probe and a ratio of two or more dyes

A

Alternative bead array

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23
Q

Cytogenetics that diagnosis of heritable genetic abnormalities or de novo

A

Constitutional (germline) cytogenetics

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24
Q

Cytogenetics that is the detection of acquired or somatic genetic abnormalities

A

Cancer cytogenetics

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25
postnatal adolescent prenatal fetal/neonatal
Indications of Constitutional
26
hematologic oncology bone marrow transplant
Cancer
27
Organized structures containing the DNA of an organism associated with structural proteins (histones) and some other factors that help maintain its integrity and facilitate its formation and replication
Chromosome
28
supercoiled DNA structure; may exist as unduplicated or duplicated
Linear Chromosome
29
Chromosome that appear as lines
Unduplicated
30
Chromosome that contains chromatids
Duplicated
31
All living organisms are composed of cells
The Cell Theory
32
Living organisms come from non-living
Spontaneous generation
33
Parts of the Cell
Nucleus Cytoplasm
34
Nucleus function + parts
Storage of genetic information -Nuclear envelope -Chromatin -Nucleolus -Nucleoplasm
35
Powerhouse of the cell; generates ATP
Mitochondria
36
Long motile hair-like structures
Cilia
37
Cylindrical cytoplasmic projection of apical surfaces to increase surface area
Microvilli
38
Tight junction Adhering Junction Gap Junction
Intercellular junctions
39
Synthesis of ribosomes Transfer vesicles, transfer the formed protein to Golgi
Rough ER
40
Synthesis of lipids, cholesterol, steroid hormones & detoxification of drugs and toxins
Smooth ER
41
Sorting, modification & packaging of proteins Secretory apparatus of the cell Formation of lysosomes
Golgi apparatus
42
Digestive apparatus of the cells (intracellular digestion)
Lysosomes
43
Protein synthesis
Ribosomes
44
Cell division and formation of cilia and flagella
Centrioles
45
Movement of particles or fluids on the free surface of the cell in one direction
Cilia
46
Important for movement of sperms
Flagella
47
Structural skeleton - microfilament -intermediate filaments -microtubules
Cytoskeleton
48
Series or the universal pattern and process of cells from birth to reproduction to metabolic activities to death
The Cell Cycle
49
Four distinct phases
G1 S G2 M phase
50
Which goes first, Interphase or Mitosis?
Interphase
51
Synthesis of amino acids and other biochemical needed for S phase
G1 (Growth phase)
52
DNA in chromosome are replicated
S (Synthesis)
53
Synthesis of chemicals needed for production of microtubules
G2
54
Two sub-phases of Mitosis
Karyokinesis Cytokinesis
55
Cell nucleus divides
Karyokinesis
56
Cell itself divides into daughter cells
Cytokinesis
57
Nuclear division among somatic cells
Mitosis
58
How many phases are in Mitosis
Four (PMAT)
59
What happens in the Interphase of M
Chromosomes are in form of chromatin
60
DNA begins to supercoil Chromosomes condense
Prophase
61
Chromosomes align at the center
Metaphase
62
Chromatids of each chromosome separated; pull towards opposite poles
Anaphase
63
DNA begins to diffuse Chromosomes at poles become more diffuse
Telophase
64
Division into two daughter cells is complete
Cytokinesis
65
Nuclear division undergone by germ cells
Meiosis
66
Meiosis is a double division producing how many daughter cells
FOUR that are HAPLOID
67
Two processes of Meiosis
Meiosis I Meiosis II
68
each chromosome searches for its homologous pair in a process
Homology search
69
Paired up chromosomes
tetrads or bivalents
70
Exchange of genetic material bet. non-sister chromatids
Synapsis or intimate pairing
71
Site of exchange or synapsis
Chiasmata
72
Prophase I sub-stages
Leptotene Zygotene Pachytene Diplotene Diakinesis
73
Individual chromosomes condense within the nucleus
Leptotene
74
Homologous chromosome pair up during synapsis
Zygotene
75
Crossing over happens
Pachytene
76
Chromosomes separate slightly
Diplotene
77
Spindle fibers form Nucleolus, envelope gone
Diakinesis
78
Chromosomes line up spindle fibers attach to centromeres
Metaphase I
79
Chromosomes migrate to the poles
Anaphase I
80
Reductional phase & Chromosomes are now at poles
Telophase I
81
Nucleoli, envelope disappear & thickening and shortening of chromosomes
Prophase II
82
Chromosome migrate at the center
Metaphase II
83
Sister chromatids are pulled apart from one another
Anaphase II
84
Chromosomes diffuse into the nucleus
Telophase II
85
Spermatogenesis for males
four sperms of generally equal potency
86
oogenesis for females
one large ovum & three polar bodies

Cytogenetics (11 decks)

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