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Cytogenetics > Lesson 2 > Flashcards

Lesson 2 Flashcards

Introduction to Cytology

1
Q

Branch of genetics that studies the function of the cell, specifically the chromosomes, in the process of inheritance

A

Cytogenetics

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2
Q

Discovery of chromosomes in plants cells

A

Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli 1842

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3
Q

Chromosomes in animal cell (salamander)

A

Walter Fleming

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4
Q

Human karyotype included only how many chromosomes (include year)

A

46 chromosomes, 1956

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5
Q

Three techniques employed in Cytogenetics

A

Karyotyping
FISH
DNA microarray technology

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6
Q

Routine analysis of chromosomes at the metaphase stage; most basic technique

A

Karyotyping

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7
Q

What stage does Karyotyping occur

A

Metaphase stage

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8
Q

Karyotyping banded using

A

trypsin

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9
Q

Karyotyping stains after banding using trypsin

A

Giemsa
Leishman
both

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10
Q

Types of Karyotyping

A

G-banding
Q-banding
C-banding
NOR stains

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11
Q

Can identify chromosomal aberrations (translocation and rearrangements); useful in creating a karyogram

A

G-banding

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12
Q

Stain specifically binds to phosphate groups of the DNA and where there is high adenine-thymine bonding

A

Giemsa banding

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13
Q

A much earlier Fluorescent staining technique

A

Quinacrine banding

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14
Q

Developed Q-banding in late 1960s

A

Toborson Caspersson

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15
Q

Stains heterochromatin near the centromere

A

C-banding

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16
Q

Highlights the satellites and stalks of acrocentric chromosomes

A

Nucleolar Organizing Region stains (NOR stains)

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17
Q

Cytogenetic technique that uses fluorescent probes that attaches to specific areas in the chromosome with high degree sequence complementarity

A

Fluorescent In-situ Hybridization

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18
Q

Used to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences in the chromosomes

A

FISH

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19
Q

Collection of microscopic DNA spots attracted to a solid surface; makes use of a DNA microarray or a DNA chip

A

DNA microarray analysis

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20
Q

Types of microarray

A

Traditional solid-phase
Alternative bead array

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21
Q

spots attached to the surface

A

Traditional solid-phase array

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22
Q

using polyesterene beads each with a specific probe and a ratio of two or more dyes

A

Alternative bead array

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23
Q

Cytogenetics that diagnosis of heritable genetic abnormalities or de novo

A

Constitutional (germline) cytogenetics

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24
Q

Cytogenetics that is the detection of acquired or somatic genetic abnormalities

A

Cancer cytogenetics

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25
Q

postnatal
adolescent
prenatal
fetal/neonatal

A

Indications of Constitutional

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26
Q

hematologic oncology
bone marrow transplant

A

Cancer

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27
Q

Organized structures containing the DNA of an organism associated with structural proteins (histones) and some other factors that help maintain its integrity and facilitate its formation and replication

A

Chromosome

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28
Q

supercoiled DNA structure; may exist as unduplicated or duplicated

A

Linear Chromosome

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29
Q

Chromosome that appear as lines

A

Unduplicated

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30
Q

Chromosome that contains chromatids

A

Duplicated

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31
Q

All living organisms are composed of cells

A

The Cell Theory

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32
Q

Living organisms come from non-living

A

Spontaneous generation

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33
Q

Parts of the Cell

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm

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34
Q

Nucleus function + parts

A

Storage of genetic information
-Nuclear envelope
-Chromatin
-Nucleolus
-Nucleoplasm

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35
Q

Powerhouse of the cell; generates ATP

A

Mitochondria

36
Q

Long motile hair-like structures

A

Cilia

37
Q

Cylindrical cytoplasmic projection of apical surfaces to increase surface area

A

Microvilli

38
Q

Tight junction
Adhering Junction
Gap Junction

A

Intercellular junctions

39
Q

Synthesis of ribosomes
Transfer vesicles, transfer the formed protein to Golgi

A

Rough ER

40
Q

Synthesis of lipids, cholesterol, steroid hormones & detoxification of drugs and toxins

A

Smooth ER

41
Q

Sorting, modification & packaging of proteins
Secretory apparatus of the cell
Formation of lysosomes

A

Golgi apparatus

42
Q

Digestive apparatus of the cells (intracellular digestion)

A

Lysosomes

43
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

44
Q

Cell division and formation of cilia and flagella

A

Centrioles

45
Q

Movement of particles or fluids on the free surface of the cell in one direction

A

Cilia

46
Q

Important for movement of sperms

A

Flagella

47
Q

Structural skeleton
- microfilament
-intermediate filaments
-microtubules

A

Cytoskeleton

48
Q

Series or the universal pattern and process of cells from birth to reproduction to metabolic activities to death

A

The Cell Cycle

49
Q

Four distinct phases

A

G1
S
G2
M phase

50
Q

Which goes first, Interphase or Mitosis?

A

Interphase

51
Q

Synthesis of amino acids and other biochemical needed for S phase

A

G1 (Growth phase)

52
Q

DNA in chromosome are replicated

A

S (Synthesis)

53
Q

Synthesis of chemicals needed for production of microtubules

A

G2

54
Q

Two sub-phases of Mitosis

A

Karyokinesis
Cytokinesis

55
Q

Cell nucleus divides

A

Karyokinesis

56
Q

Cell itself divides into daughter cells

A

Cytokinesis

57
Q

Nuclear division among somatic cells

A

Mitosis

58
Q

How many phases are in Mitosis

A

Four (PMAT)

59
Q

What happens in the Interphase of M

A

Chromosomes are in form of chromatin

60
Q

DNA begins to supercoil
Chromosomes condense

A

Prophase

61
Q

Chromosomes align at the center

A

Metaphase

62
Q

Chromatids of each chromosome separated; pull towards opposite poles

A

Anaphase

63
Q

DNA begins to diffuse
Chromosomes at poles become more diffuse

A

Telophase

64
Q

Division into two daughter cells is complete

A

Cytokinesis

65
Q

Nuclear division undergone by germ cells

A

Meiosis

66
Q

Meiosis is a double division producing how many daughter cells

A

FOUR that are HAPLOID

67
Q

Two processes of Meiosis

A

Meiosis I
Meiosis II

68
Q

each chromosome searches for its homologous pair in a process

A

Homology search

69
Q

Paired up chromosomes

A

tetrads or bivalents

70
Q

Exchange of genetic material bet. non-sister chromatids

A

Synapsis or intimate pairing

71
Q

Site of exchange or synapsis

A

Chiasmata

72
Q

Prophase I sub-stages

A

Leptotene
Zygotene
Pachytene
Diplotene
Diakinesis

73
Q

Individual chromosomes condense within the nucleus

A

Leptotene

74
Q

Homologous chromosome pair up during synapsis

A

Zygotene

75
Q

Crossing over happens

A

Pachytene

76
Q

Chromosomes separate slightly

A

Diplotene

77
Q

Spindle fibers form
Nucleolus, envelope gone

A

Diakinesis

78
Q

Chromosomes line up
spindle fibers attach to centromeres

A

Metaphase I

79
Q

Chromosomes migrate to the poles

A

Anaphase I

80
Q

Reductional phase &
Chromosomes are now at poles

A

Telophase I

81
Q

Nucleoli, envelope disappear & thickening and shortening of chromosomes

A

Prophase II

82
Q

Chromosome migrate at the center

A

Metaphase II

83
Q

Sister chromatids are pulled apart from one another

A

Anaphase II

84
Q

Chromosomes diffuse into the nucleus

A

Telophase II

85
Q

Spermatogenesis for males

A

four sperms of generally equal potency

86
Q

oogenesis for females

A

one large ovum & three polar bodies

Cytogenetics (11 decks)

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