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Cytogenetics > Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Flashcards

Origin & Importance of Genetics

1
Q

Humorism

A

Hippocrates

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2
Q

Who suggested the theory on heredity material that collects from throughout the body

A

Hippocrates

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3
Q

Vital Health

A

Aristotle

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4
Q

Who suggested that physical characteristics of organisms are stored in male semen that interacts with the female menstrual blood?

A

Aristotle

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5
Q

What theory suggests that structures and organs of an organism only develop in the course of individual development

A

Theory of Epigenesis

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6
Q

What theory states that an entire organism is preformed in the sperm (animalkulism) or in the egg (ovism/ovulism) and only had to unfold and grow

A

Theory of Preformation

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7
Q

Study of life

A

Biology

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8
Q

Deals with the study of heredity

A

Genetics

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9
Q

How organisms pass on information in their genes to create new generations of the same species, or variations of the original

A

Heredity

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10
Q

Describes the units of inheritance between parents and offspring and the processes by which those units control the development in offspring

A

Theory of Pangenesis

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11
Q

Who proposed the Theory of Pangenesis?

A

Charles Darwin

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12
Q

A coined concept that refers to hypothesized minute particles of inheritance thrown off by all cells of the body

A

Gemmules

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13
Q

How does the Theory of Pangenesis complement the Theory of Evolution?

A

Pangenesis suggests that the environment could modify gemmules in the body and would be passed on to offspring as Evolution suggests all parts of parents could contribute to the evolution and development of offspring

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14
Q

Who is the Augustinian monk that conducted the experiment of self and cross pollinations?

A

Gregor Johann Mendel

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15
Q

Mendel’s findings to the Natural Society of Brünn and published the following year as Experiments of Plant Hybridization

A

Laws of Inheritance

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16
Q

The leading theory in Mendel’s time on phenotypic boundaries of parents

A

Blended theory

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17
Q

The concluded inherited characteristics that were carried in discrete, independent units in Mendel’s experiment that occur as pairs

A

Elementen (genes)

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18
Q

Contribution of Aristotle

A

Theory of Heredity and Epigenesis

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19
Q

Contribution of William Harvey

A

Circulation of Blood, Epigenesis, and Fertilization

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20
Q

Contribution of Charles Darwin

A

Theory of Evolution and Pangenesis

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21
Q

Contribution of Gregor Mendel

A

Laws of Inheritance

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22
Q

A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for building a specific protein or sets of proteins that determines traits

A

Gene

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23
Q

A variant form of a gene that can be different resulting in different traits

A

Allele

24
Q

A long thread-like structure made of DNA and proteins that contains many genes

A

Chromosomes

25
Q

The genetic makeup of an organism, consisting of all the alleles it possesses

A

Genotype

26
Q

The observable physical characteristics of an organism

A

Phenotype

27
Q

It is having two identical alleles for a particular gene

A

Homozygous

28
Q

It is having two different alleles for a particular gene

A

Heterozygous

29
Q

The specific location of a gene or allele on a chromosome

A

Locus

30
Q

A type of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells

A

Mitosis

31
Q

A type of cell division that reduces the chromosomes number by half resulting in four genetically diverse gametes

A

Meiosis

32
Q

Law of Inheritance is also dubbed as

A

Dominance and Recessiveness

33
Q

States that for a trait, a pair of allele separate and only one allele passes from parent to offspring

A

Principle of Segregation

34
Q

States that traits must sort into gametes separately and the inheritance of one is not affected by the other

A

Principle of Independent Assortment

35
Q

Who used the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) on an experiment?

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

36
Q

Father of Modern Genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

37
Q

Who coined the word “genetics” for the first time

A

William Bateson

38
Q

Made significant finding on genetic linkages

A

Bateson and Punnett

39
Q

Avery, MacLeod and McCarty on Pneumococcus elucidated

A

The role of DNA as the mediator on heredity

40
Q

Who confirmed Avery, MacLeod and McCarty in their bacteriophage labelling experiments

A

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

41
Q

Who jointly proposed the double helix structure of DNA

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

42
Q

Who concluded that DNA replication is semi-conservative

A

Meselson and Stahl

43
Q

Who developed PCR

A

Fred Sanger

44
Q

Make many copies of a specific DNA segment

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction

45
Q

First ever cloned animal from an adult SOMATIC cell (nuclear transfer)

A

Dolly the sheep

46
Q

What was completed in the year 2000

A

Drosophila genome

47
Q

The first pet to be cloned is born

A

CC the cat (2001)

48
Q

What was completed in 2003

A

Human Genome Project

49
Q

Who initiated HGP in 1985

A

Robert Sinsheimer

50
Q

What year was HGP published in the journal Nature

A

2006

51
Q

World’s biggest collaborative research project

A

Human Genome Project

52
Q

What was the aim of HGP

A

to map base pairs in the human DNA

53
Q

“Molecularizing disease….”

A

Rheinberger (2002)

54
Q

Branch of genetics that study the number and structure of the chromosome using microscopic analysis

A

Cytogenetics

55
Q

Study of genes and chromosomes at the DNA molecule level using DNA technology

A

Molecular genetics

Cytogenetics (11 decks)

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