Lesson 1 Flashcards
Origin & Importance of Genetics
Humorism
Hippocrates
Who suggested the theory on heredity material that collects from throughout the body
Hippocrates
Vital Health
Aristotle
Who suggested that physical characteristics of organisms are stored in male semen that interacts with the female menstrual blood?
Aristotle
What theory suggests that structures and organs of an organism only develop in the course of individual development
Theory of Epigenesis
What theory states that an entire organism is preformed in the sperm (animalkulism) or in the egg (ovism/ovulism) and only had to unfold and grow
Theory of Preformation
Study of life
Biology
Deals with the study of heredity
Genetics
How organisms pass on information in their genes to create new generations of the same species, or variations of the original
Heredity
Describes the units of inheritance between parents and offspring and the processes by which those units control the development in offspring
Theory of Pangenesis
Who proposed the Theory of Pangenesis?
Charles Darwin
A coined concept that refers to hypothesized minute particles of inheritance thrown off by all cells of the body
Gemmules
How does the Theory of Pangenesis complement the Theory of Evolution?
Pangenesis suggests that the environment could modify gemmules in the body and would be passed on to offspring as Evolution suggests all parts of parents could contribute to the evolution and development of offspring
Who is the Augustinian monk that conducted the experiment of self and cross pollinations?
Gregor Johann Mendel
Mendel’s findings to the Natural Society of Brünn and published the following year as Experiments of Plant Hybridization
Laws of Inheritance
The leading theory in Mendel’s time on phenotypic boundaries of parents
Blended theory
The concluded inherited characteristics that were carried in discrete, independent units in Mendel’s experiment that occur as pairs
Elementen (genes)
Contribution of Aristotle
Theory of Heredity and Epigenesis
Contribution of William Harvey
Circulation of Blood, Epigenesis, and Fertilization
Contribution of Charles Darwin
Theory of Evolution and Pangenesis
Contribution of Gregor Mendel
Laws of Inheritance
A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for building a specific protein or sets of proteins that determines traits
Gene
A variant form of a gene that can be different resulting in different traits
Allele
A long thread-like structure made of DNA and proteins that contains many genes
Chromosomes
The genetic makeup of an organism, consisting of all the alleles it possesses
Genotype
The observable physical characteristics of an organism
Phenotype
It is having two identical alleles for a particular gene
Homozygous
It is having two different alleles for a particular gene
Heterozygous
The specific location of a gene or allele on a chromosome
Locus
A type of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells
Mitosis
A type of cell division that reduces the chromosomes number by half resulting in four genetically diverse gametes
Meiosis
Law of Inheritance is also dubbed as
Dominance and Recessiveness
States that for a trait, a pair of allele separate and only one allele passes from parent to offspring
Principle of Segregation
States that traits must sort into gametes separately and the inheritance of one is not affected by the other
Principle of Independent Assortment
Who used the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) on an experiment?
Thomas Hunt Morgan
Father of Modern Genetics
Gregor Mendel
Who coined the word “genetics” for the first time
William Bateson
Made significant finding on genetic linkages
Bateson and Punnett
Avery, MacLeod and McCarty on Pneumococcus elucidated
The role of DNA as the mediator on heredity
Who confirmed Avery, MacLeod and McCarty in their bacteriophage labelling experiments
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase
Who jointly proposed the double helix structure of DNA
James Watson and Francis Crick
Who concluded that DNA replication is semi-conservative
Meselson and Stahl
Who developed PCR
Fred Sanger
Make many copies of a specific DNA segment
Polymerase Chain Reaction
First ever cloned animal from an adult SOMATIC cell (nuclear transfer)
Dolly the sheep
What was completed in the year 2000
Drosophila genome
The first pet to be cloned is born
CC the cat (2001)
What was completed in 2003
Human Genome Project
Who initiated HGP in 1985
Robert Sinsheimer
What year was HGP published in the journal Nature
2006
World’s biggest collaborative research project
Human Genome Project
What was the aim of HGP
to map base pairs in the human DNA
“Molecularizing disease….”
Rheinberger (2002)
Branch of genetics that study the number and structure of the chromosome using microscopic analysis
Cytogenetics
Study of genes and chromosomes at the DNA molecule level using DNA technology
Molecular genetics
