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Cytogenetics > Lesson 5 > Flashcards

Lesson 5 Flashcards

Chromosomes

1
Q

What microscope is used to visualize detailed structure of a chromosome

A

Electron microscope

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2
Q

When a cell is dividing, chromosomes get _____ and can be seen in what microscope?

A

shorter and fatter, light microscope

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3
Q

packaged form of DNA

A

Chromosomes

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4
Q

In the cell nucleus, DNA exists in what form

A

non-condensed

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5
Q

When does DNA condense into chromosomes

A

During cell replication

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6
Q

Carries a code that instructs the cell about which kind of proteins it should make

A

DNA molecule

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7
Q

What do you call the end points of each chromosome?

A

Telomeres

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8
Q

The upper arm of a chromosome

A

p arm

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9
Q

The lower arm of a chromosome

A

q arm

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10
Q

The region where two chromatids meets in a chromosome

A

Centromere

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11
Q

Half a duplicated chromosome

A

Chromatid

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12
Q

Responsible for a particular characteristic is always on the same relative position on the chromosome

A

Gene

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13
Q

May be in different form of the gene on each chromosome when they are in pairs

A

Alleles

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14
Q

In the 46 chromosomes, how many pairs are autosomal?

A

22 pairs

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15
Q

In the 46 chromosomes, how many pairs are sex chromosomes?

A

1 (the 23rd)

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16
Q

It is the pair that determines whether a fetus becomes male or female

A

Sex chromosomes

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17
Q

Chromosomes where the genes on both pairs are capable of being fully expressed

A

Nonsex/ autosomal

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18
Q

The absence of one X chromosome

A

Turner’s syndrome

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19
Q

One of the two X chromosomes are turned off

A

X inactivation

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20
Q

Abnormal or Normal: triple X syndrome

A

Often normal

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21
Q

Abnormal or Normal: XYY syndrome

A

abnormal

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22
Q

Tiny structures inside cell that synthesize molecules used for energy

A

Mitochondria

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23
Q

Each mitochondrion contains its own ______

A

Circular chromosome

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24
Q

Mitochondrial chromosomes also contain

A

DNA

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25
Q

Mitochondrial DNA usually comes from

A

Mother

26
Q

The three minimal requirements for proper maintenance of chromosomes in cells

A
  • centromere
  • telomere
  • origin of replication
27
Q

Basis for segregation and the region of the chromosome where kinetochore attaches

A

Centromere function

28
Q

Protein machine that mediates the alignment of duplicated chromosomes, then splitting into copies.

A

Kinetochore

29
Q

Cells with the wrong number of chromosomes are termed

A

Aneuploid

30
Q

Centromere position

A

center or towards the end

31
Q

Centromere structure

A

condensed heterochromatin structure

32
Q

Helps mediate attachment of the kinetochore to centromeres

A

histone H3 variant CENP-A

33
Q

Telomeres short repeated sequence

A

TTAGGG

34
Q

Adds new DNA to the 3’ end of a DNA chain using an intrinsic RNA component of the enzyme to act as the template strand

A

Telomerase

35
Q

Discovered by Griffith and de Lange in 1999 that essentially hides the chromosome end, and means the ends of the chromosome is resistant to degradation or “repair

A

Tloop

36
Q

Cells that have limited proliferative capacity

A

Cells with short telomeres

37
Q

Cells that have much greater proliferative capacity

A

Long telomeres

38
Q

A significant component of aging

A

Cellular senescence

39
Q

The linear length of the human genome is about _____

A

two meters

40
Q

The basic unit of eukaryotic chromatin structure

A

Nucleosome

41
Q

A nucleosome consists of

A

Core octamer: (two copies each)
- H2A
- H2B
- H3
- H4

42
Q

All histones are compact globular proteins with an extended tail rich in basic amino acids that are what charge?

A

positive charges

43
Q

The positive charge of the histone interacts with what?

A

The negative charge of the DNA phosphate backbone

44
Q

Each nucleosome consists how many histone proteins

A

8

45
Q

How many times does DNA wrap in each nucleosome

A

2 times

46
Q

Varies from gene to gene over the life of the cell

A

Higher order organization

47
Q

Mediates the packing of adjacent nucleosomes

A

histone H1 (linker histone)

48
Q

Popular model of DNA packaging

A

solenoid and zigzag

49
Q

Loosely packed and transcriptionally active, allowing genes to be expressed.

A

Euchromatin

50
Q

Highly condensed structure found in areas of the chromosome that aren’t transcriptionally active

A

Heterochromatin (silent regions)

51
Q

The ability to adjust nucleosome positioning in chromatin is termed

A

Chromatin remodeling

52
Q

Important in assembly of nucleosomes de novo in recently replicated DNA

A

Remodeling complexes

53
Q

Remodeling complexes typically use energy from _____ to perform remodeling

A

ATP hydrolysis

54
Q

Modifications that alter, remodel, loosening association of DNA with nucleosomes in a chromatin state

A

Covalent modifications of histone

55
Q

What do covalent modifications do?

A

neutralize positive charges in histone tails so that the negatively charged DNA backbone no linger sticks to nucleosomes quite tightly

56
Q

Histone modifying enzymes

A
  • histone acetylases and deacetylases
  • histone methylases
  • histone kinases
57
Q

The beads on a string; made up of DNA wrapped around histone proteins

A

Chromatin

58
Q

Critical events both for assembly of new nucleosomes after DNA replication

A

Acetylation and methylation

59
Q

Important for chromosome condensation prior to cell division

A

Phosphorylation

60
Q

Nucleosome regions where normal H2A is substituted with the H2A variant H2AZ

A

Stably heterochromatic

61
Q

What mediates the formation of the loop, and protection of the branch point?

A

TRF-2 protein (Telomere Repeat binding Factor -2)

Cytogenetics (11 decks)

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