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ZZ3 Clinical Pharma > Lesson 7 > Flashcards

Lesson 7 Flashcards

1
Q

one of the richest endocrine organs of the body

A

Gut

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2
Q

Drugs to induce vomiting

A

emetics

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3
Q

Drugs to prevent vomiting

A

anti-emetics

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4
Q

Drugs to neutralize excessive gastric acidity

A

antacids

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5
Q

Chemically inert substances that adsorb, dissolved, or suspended
substances such as gases, toxins, or bacteria

A

adsorbent

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6
Q

Substances that produce protein – precipitating action limited to the
surface of cells

A

astringent

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7
Q

Substances that form thin layer over skin or mucous membrane in order to prevent contact with possible irritants

A

cytoprotectants

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8
Q

Substances used as flavorings in some drug and food preparations and their main effect is expulsion of gas and reduction of foam formation

A

carminitives

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9
Q

Substances that hastens the rate of passage of material through the GIT and promote defecation

A

cathartics

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10
Q

Emetics are indicated whenever there is a need to evacuate the stomach of its contents

A

emetics

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11
Q

In case of poisoning with corrosive agents, what type of drug should be given to the patient?

A

Adsorbent and cathartic

Note: Emetics is for non-corrosive materials

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12
Q

Central-acting emetics mechanism

A

Stimulate the chemo-receptor trigger zone in the area of medulla oblongata to stimulate the vomiting center

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13
Q

this is a very reliable emetic for dogs

A

apomorphine

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14
Q

A sedative analgesic with an emetic side effect
(occasional in dogs: always in cats)

A

xylazine

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15
Q

Has been used as an emetic but vomiting was not consistent

A

ipecac syrup

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16
Q

An old centrally-acting emetics drug but may still be part of some pharmaceutical preparations being used today

A

ipecac syrup

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17
Q

a centrally-acting emetics that causes vomiting, defecation, and broncho – constriction when used in high doses

A

Prostaglandin F2ɑ

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18
Q

quite-dangerous emetics

A

Prostaglandin F2ɑ

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19
Q

an emetic more useful for emergency cases far away from the hospital or clinic and can be administered by pet owners at home

A

Locally acting emetics

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20
Q

Enumerate the locally acting emetics

A
  1. 3% hydrogen peroxide
  2. sodium chloride
  3. copper sulfate
  4. zinc sulfate
  5. freshly ground mustard seed
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21
Q

a local acting emetics that may induce vomiting in 5 – 10 minutes

A

3% hydrogen peroxide

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22
Q

a local acting emetics placed at the back of the tongue

A

sodium chloride

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23
Q

a common complaint in small animal practice and can usually be controlled with anti - emetics

A

vomiting

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24
Q

What are the common indications for anti emetics

A
  1. motion sickness
  2. vomiting associated with metabolic disease
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25
Q

Examples of anti - emetics

A
  1. antihistamine
  2. phenothiazine tranquilizers
  3. prokinetic drugs
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26
Q

a prokinetic drug that depress the CTZ through central anti – dopaminergic
effects

A

metoclopramide

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27
Q

used to treat intractable emesis such as that
associated with anti – cancer therapy, canine parvovirus infection, recovery from gastric dilatation and chronic gastritis

A

metoclopramide

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28
Q

it is not a dopamine antagonist but may enhance the release of myenteric acetylcholine

A

metoclopramide

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29
Q

Unlike metoclopramide, enhancement of gut motility includes the large colon

A

cisapride

30
Q

Indicated for treatment of dysmotility disorders including chronic constipation and megacolons in cats, delayed gastric emptying in dogs, and idiopathic post –operative ileus in horses

A

cisapride

31
Q

Like metoclopramide, it is a dopamine antagonist but does not penetrate well into the CNS

A

domperidone

32
Q

indicated for hyperchlorhydia and peptic ulcers and for grain engorgement toxemia in large animals

A

antacids

33
Q

Drugs that specifically inhibit gastric acid secretion may also be considered as?

A

antacids

34
Q

Give 1 example of systemic antacids

A

sodium bicarbonate

35
Q

excessive use of local antacids may lead to?

A

catharsis

36
Q

Block H2 histamine receptors which abound in the gastric mucosa and mediate acid secretion

A

Inhibitors of gastric acid secretion

37
Q

Inhibitors of gastric acid secretion with an anti-androgen effect

A

cimetidine

38
Q

It inhibits glucuronidation of paracetamol and also inhibits the renal clearance of basic drugs that are secreted by the renal tubules

A

ranitidine

39
Q

inhibit cytochrome P – 450 enzymes

A

cimetidine and ranitidine

40
Q

drugs not absorbed from the GIT and either line the mucosa or adsorb toxic compounds, are often incorporated into anti – diarrheal mixture, or are used alone

A

adsorbents

41
Q

kaolin is usually available in combination with?

A

pectin

42
Q

It inhibits the absorption of certain drugs such as tetracycline

A

kaolin

43
Q

an adsorbent generally safe but long term use may cause gastric carcinoma

A

kaolin

44
Q

May be considered as adsorbent because they adsorb gastric acid

A

local antacids

45
Q

one of the components of the “universal
antidote” to poisoning

A

activated charcoal

46
Q

a residue of destructive distillation of various organic materials and treated in such a way as to increase the surface area of the particles

A

activated charcoal

47
Q

contrary to popular belief, they are useless as an adsorbent

A

burned toast, wood charcoal

48
Q

other components of activated charcoal, which makes it reliable adsorbent

A
  1. magnesium oxide (antacid)
  2. tannic acid (astringent)
49
Q

these drugs form a coating of the gastrointestinal mucosa that prevents irritation or erosion caused by potentially harmful substances

A

cytoprotectants

50
Q

purified carbohydrate from citrus or apple rinds

A

pectin

51
Q

a cytoprotectant that coat ulcer base, adsorb pepsin, enhance local prostaglandin synthesis, and stimulate bicarbonate secretion

A

bismuth chelates

52
Q

forms complex gels with mucus and thus prevents degradation of mucus by pepsin

A

sucralfate

53
Q

cause coagulation of mucosal surface proteins thus protecting mucosa from irritating substances

A

astringents

54
Q

beneficial effects of astringents

A
  1. protection of tissues from irritating substances
  2. reduction of intestinal secretion
  3. reduction of absorption of toxic materials
  4. reduction of inflammation
55
Q

include mostly spices which prevent gastrointestinal gas formation or promote gas
expulsion from the gut

A

carminitives

56
Q

examples of carminitives

A
  1. simethicon
  2. poloxalene
  3. turpentine
  4. camphor
  5. peppermint
  6. capsicum
57
Q

promote defecation by increasing fecal volume or consistency

A

cathartics

58
Q

Clinical uses of cathartics

A
  1. Treatment of constipation
  2. removal of toxic material from GIT
  3. soften the stool for mechanical reason
  4. remove gut edema fluid
59
Q

“cathartic” is used synonymously with the term

A

laxative

60
Q

Classifications of cathartics according to intensity effects

A
  1. laxatives (mild)
  2. purgative (mild-severe)
  3. drastic (very severe)
61
Q

stimulate mucosal lining of the GIT and thereby initiate a myenteric reflex that would enhance intestinal transport

A

stimulant cathartics

61
Q

according to the mechanism of action, a cathartic may be?

A

stimulant, bulk, lubricant cathartic

62
Q

known to provoke fluid accumulation in the lumen by activating cyclic AMP – dependent secretory mechanism

A

stimulant cathartics

63
Q

4 types of stimulant cathartic

A
  1. emodin
  2. resinous
  3. irritant oils
  4. miscellaneous
64
Q

a stimulant cathartic which acts on the large intestine presumably by irritating the mucosa

A

emodin

65
Q

A synthetic analogue of emodin

A

danthron

66
Q

onset of action of cascara sagrada

A

4-8 hours up to 24 hrs

67
Q

onset of action of danthron

A

10-12 hours

68
Q

Danthron is commonly recommended for

A

horses

69
Q

With prolonged use, the myenteric plexus
actually degenerates resulting in loss of
intestinal motility

A

Danthron

70
Q

Rarely used nowadays and act on small intestine causing severe drastic effect

A

jalap, colocynth podophylum

71
Q
A

ZZ3 Clinical Pharma (11 decks)

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