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ZZ3 Clinical Pharma > Lesson 7 > Flashcards

Lesson 7 Flashcards

1
Q

one of the richest endocrine organs of the body

A

Gut

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2
Q

Drugs to induce vomiting

A

emetics

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3
Q

Drugs to prevent vomiting

A

anti-emetics

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4
Q

Drugs to neutralize excessive gastric acidity

A

antacids

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5
Q

Chemically inert substances that adsorb, dissolved, or suspended
substances such as gases, toxins, or bacteria

A

adsorbent

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6
Q

Substances that produce protein – precipitating action limited to the
surface of cells

A

astringent

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7
Q

Substances that form thin layer over skin or mucous membrane in order to prevent contact with possible irritants

A

cytoprotectants

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8
Q

Substances used as flavorings in some drug and food preparations and their main effect is expulsion of gas and reduction of foam formation

A

carminitives

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9
Q

Substances that hastens the rate of passage of material through the GIT and promote defecation

A

cathartics

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10
Q

Emetics are indicated whenever there is a need to evacuate the stomach of its contents

A

emetics

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11
Q

In case of poisoning with corrosive agents, what type of drug should be given to the patient?

A

Adsorbent and cathartic

Note: Emetics is for non-corrosive materials

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12
Q

Central-acting emetics mechanism

A

Stimulate the chemo-receptor trigger zone in the area of medulla oblongata to stimulate the vomiting center

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13
Q

this is a very reliable emetic for dogs

A

apomorphine

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14
Q

A sedative analgesic with an emetic side effect
(occasional in dogs: always in cats)

A

xylazine

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15
Q

Has been used as an emetic but vomiting was not consistent

A

ipecac syrup

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16
Q

An old centrally-acting emetics drug but may still be part of some pharmaceutical preparations being used today

A

ipecac syrup

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17
Q

a centrally-acting emetics that causes vomiting, defecation, and broncho – constriction when used in high doses

A

Prostaglandin F2ɑ

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18
Q

quite-dangerous emetics

A

Prostaglandin F2ɑ

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19
Q

an emetic more useful for emergency cases far away from the hospital or clinic and can be administered by pet owners at home

A

Locally acting emetics

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20
Q

Enumerate the locally acting emetics

A
  1. 3% hydrogen peroxide
  2. sodium chloride
  3. copper sulfate
  4. zinc sulfate
  5. freshly ground mustard seed
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21
Q

a local acting emetics that may induce vomiting in 5 – 10 minutes

A

3% hydrogen peroxide

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22
Q

a local acting emetics placed at the back of the tongue

A

sodium chloride

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23
Q

a common complaint in small animal practice and can usually be controlled with anti - emetics

A

vomiting

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24
Q

What are the common indications for anti emetics

A
  1. motion sickness
  2. vomiting associated with metabolic disease
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25
Examples of anti - emetics
1. antihistamine 2. phenothiazine tranquilizers 3. prokinetic drugs
26
a prokinetic drug that depress the CTZ through central anti – dopaminergic effects
metoclopramide
27
used to treat intractable emesis such as that associated with anti – cancer therapy, canine parvovirus infection, recovery from gastric dilatation and chronic gastritis
metoclopramide
28
it is not a dopamine antagonist but may enhance the release of myenteric acetylcholine
metoclopramide
29
Unlike metoclopramide, enhancement of gut motility includes the large colon
cisapride
30
Indicated for treatment of dysmotility disorders including chronic constipation and megacolons in cats, delayed gastric emptying in dogs, and idiopathic post –operative ileus in horses
cisapride
31
Like metoclopramide, it is a dopamine antagonist but does not penetrate well into the CNS
domperidone
32
indicated for hyperchlorhydia and peptic ulcers and for grain engorgement toxemia in large animals
antacids
33
Drugs that specifically inhibit gastric acid secretion may also be considered as?
antacids
34
Give 1 example of systemic antacids
sodium bicarbonate
35
excessive use of local antacids may lead to?
catharsis
36
Block H2 histamine receptors which abound in the gastric mucosa and mediate acid secretion
Inhibitors of gastric acid secretion
37
Inhibitors of gastric acid secretion with an anti-androgen effect
cimetidine
38
It inhibits glucuronidation of paracetamol and also inhibits the renal clearance of basic drugs that are secreted by the renal tubules
ranitidine
39
inhibit cytochrome P – 450 enzymes
cimetidine and ranitidine
40
drugs not absorbed from the GIT and either line the mucosa or adsorb toxic compounds, are often incorporated into anti – diarrheal mixture, or are used alone
adsorbents
41
kaolin is usually available in combination with?
pectin
42
It inhibits the absorption of certain drugs such as tetracycline
kaolin
43
an adsorbent generally safe but long term use may cause gastric carcinoma
kaolin
44
May be considered as adsorbent because they adsorb gastric acid
local antacids
45
one of the components of the “universal antidote” to poisoning
activated charcoal
46
a residue of destructive distillation of various organic materials and treated in such a way as to increase the surface area of the particles
activated charcoal
47
contrary to popular belief, they are useless as an adsorbent
burned toast, wood charcoal
48
other components of activated charcoal, which makes it reliable adsorbent
1. magnesium oxide (antacid) 2. tannic acid (astringent)
49
these drugs form a coating of the gastrointestinal mucosa that prevents irritation or erosion caused by potentially harmful substances
cytoprotectants
50
purified carbohydrate from citrus or apple rinds
pectin
51
a cytoprotectant that coat ulcer base, adsorb pepsin, enhance local prostaglandin synthesis, and stimulate bicarbonate secretion
bismuth chelates
52
forms complex gels with mucus and thus prevents degradation of mucus by pepsin
sucralfate
53
cause coagulation of mucosal surface proteins thus protecting mucosa from irritating substances
astringents
54
beneficial effects of astringents
1. protection of tissues from irritating substances 2. reduction of intestinal secretion 3. reduction of absorption of toxic materials 4. reduction of inflammation
55
include mostly spices which prevent gastrointestinal gas formation or promote gas expulsion from the gut
carminitives
56
examples of carminitives
1. simethicon 2. poloxalene 3. turpentine 4. camphor 5. peppermint 6. capsicum
57
promote defecation by increasing fecal volume or consistency
cathartics
58
Clinical uses of cathartics
1. Treatment of constipation 2. removal of toxic material from GIT 3. soften the stool for mechanical reason 4. remove gut edema fluid
59
“cathartic” is used synonymously with the term
laxative
60
Classifications of cathartics according to intensity effects
1. laxatives (mild) 2. purgative (mild-severe) 3. drastic (very severe)
61
stimulate mucosal lining of the GIT and thereby initiate a myenteric reflex that would enhance intestinal transport
stimulant cathartics
61
according to the mechanism of action, a cathartic may be?
stimulant, bulk, lubricant cathartic
62
known to provoke fluid accumulation in the lumen by activating cyclic AMP – dependent secretory mechanism
stimulant cathartics
63
4 types of stimulant cathartic
1. emodin 2. resinous 3. irritant oils 4. miscellaneous
64
a stimulant cathartic which acts on the large intestine presumably by irritating the mucosa
emodin
65
A synthetic analogue of emodin
danthron
66
onset of action of cascara sagrada
4-8 hours up to 24 hrs
67
onset of action of danthron
10-12 hours
68
Danthron is commonly recommended for
horses
69
With prolonged use, the myenteric plexus actually degenerates resulting in loss of intestinal motility
Danthron
70
Rarely used nowadays and act on small intestine causing severe drastic effect
jalap, colocynth podophylum
71

ZZ3 Clinical Pharma (11 decks)

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