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ZZ3 Clinical Pharma > Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

due to stimulation of pain local receptors

A

pain

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2
Q

usually reduced activitiy

A

altered function

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3
Q

due to transient hyperemia

A

redness

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4
Q

due to increased blood flow

A

increased temperature

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5
Q

If a tissue gets damaged, what will happen?

A

Inflammation occurs

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6
Q

the process wherein neutrophils adhere to the swollen endothelial cells

A

margination

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7
Q

process of neutrophils migrating to basement membrane of vascular epithelium

A

emigration

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8
Q

caused by attraction of leukocytes to chemical substances produced in the site of tissue damage

A

chemotaxis

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9
Q

Give the 3 functions of Acute inflammation

A

Weaken the enemies, get rid of enemies, cleans up the battlefield

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10
Q

Give at least 3 clinical uses of NSAIDs

A

Analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory

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11
Q

they are used systemically in non-ulcerative keratitis (inflammation of cornea) in horses

A

Flunixin and Phenybutazone

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12
Q

Why should we give dogs aspirin before intraocular surgery?

A

To reduce postoperative protein content of aqueous humor

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13
Q

NSAIDs may also be given in cases of immunological diseases such as?

A

systemic lupus and rheumatoid arthritis

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14
Q

NSAID used externally as a counter-irritant

A

Methylsalicylic acid

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15
Q

used in horses in treatment of with inflammation assoc. with pain and lameness such tying up syndrome

A

Naproxen

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16
Q

Der. Of phenylpropoinic acid that can cause GIT irritation and bleeding but less frequently with aspirin

A

Ibuprofen

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17
Q

paracetamol is more appropriately called?

A

non-opiate analgesic

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18
Q

Paracetamol is not a NSAID but retains these 2 properties

A

antipyretic and analgesic effects

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19
Q

ketoprofen is approved for use in what domestic animals?

A

horses (US), dogs and cats (Canada and Europe)

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20
Q

Sodium salicylate shoud not be used to animals?

A

less than 30 days old

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21
Q

these species cannot metabolize and eliminate aspirin as readily as other species

A

cats

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22
Q

aspirin elimination is most rapid in

A

herbivores

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23
Q

aspirin elimination is slowest in

A

carnivores

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24
Q

aspirin elimination is intermediate in

A

omnivores

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25
Q

administered orally and converted to salicylic acid within few minutes

A

aspirin

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26
Q

drug treatment for osteoarthritic disease in horse

A

meclofenamic acid

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27
Q

drug treatment for endotoxin shock

A

flunixin meglumine

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28
Q

can be treated for chronic musculoskeletal disease in dogs

A

meclofenamic acid

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29
Q

it is effective to most colic cases excluding severe bowel distention or displacement

A

flunixin meglumine

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30
Q

can cause CNS disorder in horses and should not be given to dogs of fetal effect

A

indomethacin

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31
Q

treats equine colic, GI spasm, hypermobility in both large and small animals but banned for human use

A

dipyrone

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32
Q

toxic effects of dipyrone

A

agranulocytosis and leukopenia

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33
Q

animals should be monitor for ____ before use of dipyrone

A

hematologic conditions

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34
Q

phenylbutazone is widely used in

A

horses

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35
Q

toxic effects of phenylbutazone

A

agranulocytosis, leukopenia, tissue sloughing when injected extravascular

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36
Q

for treatment of soft tissue or non articular rheumatism (capsulitis, laminitis, bursitis)

A

phenylbutazone

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37
Q

effective for control of lameness associated with hip dysplasia

A

etodoplac

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38
Q

a new NSAID (similar to ibuprofen) specifically used to treat arthritis and osteoarthritis in dogs

A

caprofen

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39
Q

caprofen is not safe to these species

A

cats

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40
Q

adverse effect of caprofen to geriatric dogs

A

hepatotoxicity

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41
Q

rapidly absorbed in stomach and reaches 80% of its peak plasma concentration in 1 hour

A

piroxicam

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42
Q

metabolite phenylbutazone has similar properties as pneylbutazone

A

oxyphenbutazone

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43
Q

NSAID inhibiting chondrocyte and synoviacyte synthesis of PGE12

A

etodoplac

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44
Q

Reflex dilatation of small arterioles

A

vasodilation

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45
Q

pooling of blood in the area of inflammation results to

A

increased permeability

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46
Q

vasodilation results to

A

increased blood flow

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47
Q

Increased vascular permeability results in

A

exudation

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48
Q

may dilute or buffer any locally produced toxins

A

fluids and salts

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49
Q

can diffuse into the area of inflammation to support the macrophages

A

glucose and oxygen

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50
Q

composed of fluids, electrolytes, proteins, cellular elements and some inflammatory mediators

A

inflammatory exudate

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51
Q

what does Nk cells target

A

virus infected, cancer cells with no MHC

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52
Q

specialized lymphocytes that are active in non-immunological reactions

A

Natural killer cells

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53
Q

These substances mediate pain sensation

A

neuropeptides

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54
Q

induce vascular relaxation and inhibit platelet aggregation

A

Nitric oxide, Prostacyclin

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55
Q

formation of new blood vessels

A

angionensis

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56
Q

angionensis occurs in

A

wound repair, chronic inflammation, cancer

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57
Q

characterized by having nuclei with varying shapes (banded, lobed or segmented)

A

Polymorphonuclear cells

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58
Q

morphologically similar to basophil, but are predominantly found in tissues rather than in the circulating blood

A

mast cells

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59
Q

mast cell surfaces contain?

A

Immunoglobulin E, C3 and C5a

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60
Q

Platelets or Thromboxane generates? (3)

A

Thromboxane A2, Platelet-activating factor radicals, pro inflammatory cationic proteins

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61
Q

Immunoglobulins in the exudates may act as

A

opsonins

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62
Q

Responsible for body production- the humoral immune response

A

b cells

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63
Q

Responsible cell-mediated immune reactions

A

t cells

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64
Q

Specialized non-T and non-B lymphoid cells that are active in non-immune innate response

A

natural killer cells

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65
Q

also called as local hormones

A

autocoids

66
Q

Greek word meaning medicinal agent or remedy

A

akos

67
Q

Histamine is derived from the amino acid

A

histidine

68
Q

Non mast cell histamine is secreted by?

A

histaminocytes (stomach), histaminergic (neurons)

69
Q

function of histamine secreted by histaminocytes

A

regulate gastric acid secretion

70
Q

histamine secreted by histaminergic neurons in the brain act as

A

neurotransmitter in the CNC (involved in motion sickness)

71
Q

Histamine secreted by mast cells acts as

A

mediators of early inflammatory reactions

72
Q

triple response to histamine

A

red spot, flare, wheal

73
Q

bright red irregular outline from the original red spot due to reflex dilatation of the adjacent small vessels

A

flare

74
Q

always present in damaged tissues, decomposing tissue extract, and putrefying (decaying) ingesta rich in proteins

A

histamine

75
Q

localized edema due to leakage of plasma fluid through the abnormality permeable walls of the small blood vessels

A

wheal

76
Q

True or false. Histamine does not cause pain?

A

True.

77
Q

excessive acid secretion in the stomach will result to

A

hyperacidity and ulcer

78
Q

increased vascular permeability in response to histamine is mediated by which histamine receptos

A

H1 and H2 on mast cells and basophils

79
Q

drugs to use to physiologically antagonize histamine effects

A

epinephrine, theophylline, aminophylline

80
Q

produces the so-called triple response of Lewis

A

intradermally injected histamine

81
Q

drugs to use to prevent release of histamine by inhibiting the responses of sensitized cells basophils to specific antigen

A

epinephrine, theophylline, cromolyn sodium

82
Q

Cromolyn sodium is poorly absorbed from the gut, and is usually given through

A

inhalation as nebulized solution or powder

83
Q

drug that is better absorbed than cromolyn sodium

A

nedicromyl

84
Q

bronchodilators used in the management of attack of bronchospasm

A

theophylline, aminophylline

85
Q

unwanted effects of theophylline and aminophylline

A

anorexia, nausea and vomiting, nervousness and tremor, fatal cardiac arrhythmias

86
Q

Drugs that inhibit microsomal cytochrome P450 enzymes

A

erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, Calcium channel blockers, allopurinol, fluconazole, cimetidine

87
Q

Inducers of cytochrome P450 that decrease the therapeutic effect of drugs

A

phenobarbital and phenytoin

88
Q

causes peripheral vasoconstriction, bronchodilation and cardiac stimulation; effects that counter histamine effects

A

epinephrine

89
Q

give 1 reason why classical or H1 antihistamine is not widely used in animals as much as in people

A

glucocorticoids are available and more effective

90
Q

Enumerate some H1 antihistamine

A

brompheniramine, cetirizine, chlorpheniramine, clemastine, cyproheptadine

91
Q

Prostaglandin are not stored in tissues but are formed during?

A

tissue damage

92
Q

NSAIDs tend to accumulate in these organs which may cause pathological lesion

A

stomach, small intestine, kidney

93
Q

percentage of protein binding of NSAIDs

A

95 to 99 percent

94
Q

100x more potent vasodilator than bradykinin and histamine

A

platelet activating factor

95
Q

PAF causes contraction of smooth muscles in what organs

A

gut, uterus, lungs

96
Q

polypeptide production released by connective tissue and activated lymphocytes and monocytes

A

cytokines

97
Q

collective term referring to heat labile factor in the extra cellular fluids

A

complement

98
Q

been used in treatment of acute pancreatitis and carcinoid syndrome

A

aprotinin

99
Q

complement system has at least how many protein serums and inhibitors

A

11 serum proteins and 3 inhibitors

100
Q

polar lipid released from leukocytes and causes platelets to aggregate

A

PAF

101
Q

used to reduce thromboembolus associated with heartworm disease in dog and with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats

A

aspirin

102
Q

used as an adjunct in the non-special treatment of pigs affected with porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome (PRRS)

A

NSAIDs

103
Q

factors that inhibit prostaglandins dehydrogenase

A

nitrate, irradiation, bacterial endotoxins

104
Q

Analogues of PGs are being used investigational (3)

A

(a) In the treatment of peptic ulcer, bronchial asthma, and hypertension
(b) As abortifacients, and
(c) To prevent formation of platelet clumps

105
Q

sites where histamine is abundantly stored

A

GI mucosa, bronchial mucosa, skin

106
Q

bloods of these animals are relatively histamine

A

goats and rabbits

107
Q

animals low in histamine

A

horse, dog, cat, rat

108
Q

selective antagonist of H3 receptor

A

thioperamide

109
Q

selective antagonist of H2 receptor

A

cimetidine

110
Q

selective antagonist of H1 receptor

A

mepyramine

111
Q

depression of capacity of the lungs to metabolized prostaglandins may result in increased levels of

A

PE₂ and PGF₂ₐ

112
Q

Clinical uses of prostaglandins

A
  1. Synthetic analogues
  2. Treatment of certain fertility problems
  3. Induce parturition
113
Q

In veterinary medicine, NSAIDs are used for treatment of

A
  1. Acute inflammation of musculoskeletal system
  2. Non immune inflammation of the musculoskeletal system and anaphylactic reactions in cattle
  3. Equine colic
  4. Acute respiratory disease in calves and pigs
114
Q

molecule that is locally synthesized by endothelium and macrophage that is a powerful cause of vasodilation and increase vascular permeability

A

nitric oxide

115
Q

Roles of Cytokines

A
  1. Induction of cell adhesion molecules on endothelium
  2. Induction of PGI2 synthesis
  3. Induction of PAF synthesis induction of fever, anorexia
  4. Stimulation off acute-phase protein synthesis in the liver
116
Q

Cytokine Superfamily

A
  • Interleukins
  • Chemokines
  • Colony – Stimulating Factors
  • Nerve – Growth Factor
  • Interferon
  • Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)
  • Tumor Necrosis Factor Families
117
Q

enter the area of inflammation at a later stage, several hours after the polymorphs

A

monocytes

118
Q

transmit pain impulses to the central nervous system

A

Type C and Aծ fibers (neurons)

119
Q

specialized lymphocytes that are active in non-immunological reactions that target cells, such as virus-infected cells and cancer cells that lack the major histocompatibility complex

A

natural killers

120
Q

composed of fluids, electrolytes, proteins, cellular elements and some inflammatory mediators

A

inflammatory exudates

121
Q

Fluid containing salts and high concentration of proteins including immunoglobulins

A

serous exudate

122
Q

A few macrophages and few lymphocytes are present in this exudate

A

purulent exudate

123
Q

exudate predominantly by fibrin and some neutrophils

A

fibrinous

124
Q

during inflammation, fluid is constantly circulating to the local lymph nodes and assists in later development of a

A

specific immune response

125
Q

This phase involves the production of B cells and T cells from uncommitted lymphocytes

A

Induction Phase of Immunological Response

126
Q

when bacteria enters the tissue, they engulf and process the antigen, and present it to uncommitted CD4+ T helper lymphocytes

A

antigen presenting cells or APC

127
Q

develop interleukins-2 (II-2)

A

CD4

128
Q

This phase involves how the cells, which are produced in the induction phase, act to eliminate antigens

A

effect phase of the immunological response

129
Q

Antibodies or immunoglobulins have two functions

A
  1. To recognize and interact with specific antigens
  2. To activate one or more host’s defense system
130
Q

in what portion does the antigen bind in the antibody

A

Fb fractions

131
Q

complement proteins bind themselves in what portion of the antibody

A

Fc

132
Q

a response to histamine wherein a localized edema due to leakage of plasma fluid through the abnormality permeable walls of the small blood vessels

A

wheal

133
Q

a response to histamine that is present a few millimeters around the site of injection due to immediate direct vasodilator effect of histamine

A

red spot

134
Q

Three Ways to Counteract the Inflammatory Effect of Histamine

A
  1. Prevent release of histamine by inhibiting the responses of sensitized cells basophils to specific antigen.
  2. Physiologically antagonize histamine effects.
  3. Block H1 receptors of histamine
135
Q

dosage of epinephrine in dogs and cats

A

0.5 to 1.5 ml of 1:10,000 solution IV, repeat in 30 min (for anaphylaxis)

136
Q

dosage of epinephrine in horses and ruminants

A

1.0 ml of 1:1,000 solution per 45 kg b.w, IM, IV, SC

137
Q

not stored in tissues, but are rapidly formed and released when tissue is damaged

A

prostaglandins

138
Q

Prostanoids that cause vasodilation, inhibition of platelet aggregation, relaxation of gut and uterine muscles, modify pituitary hormone release

A

PGD2

139
Q

Prostanoid causing myometrial contraction leutolysis bronchoconstriction

A

PGF2

140
Q

Prostanoid that cause vasodilation, inhibition of platelet aggregation, renin release and natriuresis

A

PGI₂

141
Q

prostanoids that cause vasoconstriction, platelets aggregation and bronchoconstriction

A

TXA₂

142
Q

which receptor of PGE cause bronchoconstriction, contraction of gut muscles stimulation of intestinal fluid secretion

A

EP1

143
Q

which receptor of PGE cause stimulation of intestinal fluid secretion, relaxation of gut muscles

A

EP2

144
Q

which receptor of PGE cause contraction of intestinal muscles, inhibition of gastric acid secretion, increase in gastric mucus secretion, inhibition of lipolysis, inhibition of neurotransmitter release, and contraction of pregnant uterus

A

EP3

145
Q

acts on specific LTB₄-receptors and is a powerful chemotactic agent for bit neutrophils and macrophages

A

LTB₄

146
Q

have been implicated in bronchial hyperactivity in human asthmatic and cardiovascular changes of acute anaphylaxis

A

leukotrienes

147
Q

heterogeneous group of compound which are often chemically unrelated

A

NSAID

148
Q

prototype of NSAID

A

aspirin

149
Q

it has limited contribution to overall efficacy of NSAIDs

A

central analgesia

150
Q

Central analgesia probably has limited contribution to overall efficacy of NSAIDs but ______ ________ is more important

A

peripheral analgesia

151
Q

caprofen can cause this condition as an adverse effect in geriatric dogs

A

hepatoxicity

152
Q

caprofen is used dogs for treatment of?

A

osteoarthritis

153
Q

a thrombolytic enzyme derived from endothelium by the action of bradykinin generates plasmin

A

plasminogen activator

154
Q

best “anti-inflammatory” agent during disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

A

heparin or anti coagulant

155
Q

Blood clotting is initiated by activation of?

A

Hageman factor (Factor XII)

156
Q

Complement can be activated either by:

A
  1. The Classical Complement Activation Pathway or
  2. The Alternative Complement Activation Pathway
157
Q

Mechanism by which Drugs may counteract the Action of Bradykinin

A
  1. Block bradykinin receptors
  2. Inhibit kallikreins
158
Q

increases vascular permeability 15 times more than does histamine

A

bradykinin

159
Q

Inhibition of this isoenzyme underlie the most significant effects of NSAID

A

Cyclooxygenase 1

160
Q

Inhibition of this isoenzyme accounts for therapeutic actions of NSAIDS

A

Cyclooxygenase 2

ZZ3 Clinical Pharma (11 decks)

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