Lesson 1 Flashcards
1
Q
due to stimulation of pain local receptors
A
pain
2
Q
usually reduced activitiy
A
altered function
3
Q
due to transient hyperemia
A
redness
4
Q
due to increased blood flow
A
increased temperature
5
Q
If a tissue gets damaged, what will happen?
A
Inflammation occurs
6
Q
the process wherein neutrophils adhere to the swollen endothelial cells
A
margination
7
Q
process of neutrophils migrating to basement membrane of vascular epithelium
A
emigration
8
Q
caused by attraction of leukocytes to chemical substances produced in the site of tissue damage
A
chemotaxis
9
Q
Give the 3 functions of Acute inflammation
A
Weaken the enemies, get rid of enemies, cleans up the battlefield
10
Q
Give at least 3 clinical uses of NSAIDs
A
Analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory
11
Q
they are used systemically in non-ulcerative keratitis (inflammation of cornea) in horses
A
Flunixin and Phenybutazone
12
Q
Why should we give dogs aspirin before intraocular surgery?
A
To reduce postoperative protein content of aqueous humor
13
Q
NSAIDs may also be given in cases of immunological diseases such as?
A
systemic lupus and rheumatoid arthritis
14
Q
NSAID used externally as a counter-irritant
A
Methylsalicylic acid
15
Q
used in horses in treatment of with inflammation assoc. with pain and lameness such tying up syndrome
A
Naproxen
16
Q
Der. Of phenylpropoinic acid that can cause GIT irritation and bleeding but less frequently with aspirin
A
Ibuprofen
17
Q
paracetamol is more appropriately called?
A
non-opiate analgesic
18
Q
Paracetamol is not a NSAID but retains these 2 properties
A
antipyretic and analgesic effects
19
Q
ketoprofen is approved for use in what domestic animals?
A
horses (US), dogs and cats (Canada and Europe)
20
Q
Sodium salicylate shoud not be used to animals?
A
less than 30 days old
21
Q
these species cannot metabolize and eliminate aspirin as readily as other species
A
cats
22
Q
aspirin elimination is most rapid in
A
herbivores
23
Q
aspirin elimination is slowest in
A
carnivores
24
Q
aspirin elimination is intermediate in
A
omnivores
25
administered orally and converted to salicylic acid within few minutes
aspirin
26
drug treatment for osteoarthritic disease in horse
meclofenamic acid
27
drug treatment for endotoxin shock
flunixin meglumine
28
can be treated for chronic musculoskeletal disease in dogs
meclofenamic acid
29
it is effective to most colic cases excluding severe bowel distention or displacement
flunixin meglumine
30
can cause CNS disorder in horses and should not be given to dogs of fetal effect
indomethacin
31
treats equine colic, GI spasm, hypermobility in both large and small animals but banned for human use
dipyrone
32
toxic effects of dipyrone
agranulocytosis and leukopenia
33
animals should be monitor for ____ before use of dipyrone
hematologic conditions
34
phenylbutazone is widely used in
horses
35
toxic effects of phenylbutazone
agranulocytosis, leukopenia, tissue sloughing when injected extravascular
36
for treatment of soft tissue or non articular rheumatism (capsulitis, laminitis, bursitis)
phenylbutazone
37
effective for control of lameness associated with hip dysplasia
etodoplac
38
a new NSAID (similar to ibuprofen) specifically used to treat arthritis and osteoarthritis in dogs
caprofen
39
caprofen is not safe to these species
cats
40
adverse effect of caprofen to geriatric dogs
hepatotoxicity
41
rapidly absorbed in stomach and reaches 80% of its peak plasma concentration in 1 hour
piroxicam
42
metabolite phenylbutazone has similar properties as pneylbutazone
oxyphenbutazone
43
NSAID inhibiting chondrocyte and synoviacyte synthesis of PGE12
etodoplac
44
Reflex dilatation of small arterioles
vasodilation
45
pooling of blood in the area of inflammation results to
increased permeability
46
vasodilation results to
increased blood flow
47
Increased vascular permeability results in
exudation
48
may dilute or buffer any locally produced toxins
fluids and salts
49
can diffuse into the area of inflammation to support the macrophages
glucose and oxygen
50
composed of fluids, electrolytes, proteins, cellular elements and some inflammatory mediators
inflammatory exudate
51
what does Nk cells target
virus infected, cancer cells with no MHC
52
specialized lymphocytes that are active in non-immunological reactions
Natural killer cells
53
These substances mediate pain sensation
neuropeptides
54
induce vascular relaxation and inhibit platelet aggregation
Nitric oxide, Prostacyclin
55
formation of new blood vessels
angionensis
56
angionensis occurs in
wound repair, chronic inflammation, cancer
57
characterized by having nuclei with varying shapes (banded, lobed or segmented)
Polymorphonuclear cells
58
morphologically similar to basophil, but are predominantly found in tissues rather than in the circulating blood
mast cells
59
mast cell surfaces contain?
Immunoglobulin E, C3 and C5a
60
Platelets or Thromboxane generates? (3)
Thromboxane A2, Platelet-activating factor radicals, pro inflammatory cationic proteins
61
Immunoglobulins in the exudates may act as
opsonins
62
Responsible for body production- the humoral immune response
b cells
63
Responsible cell-mediated immune reactions
t cells
64
Specialized non-T and non-B lymphoid cells that are active in non-immune innate response
natural killer cells
65
also called as local hormones
autocoids
66
Greek word meaning medicinal agent or remedy
akos
67
Histamine is derived from the amino acid
histidine
68
Non mast cell histamine is secreted by?
histaminocytes (stomach), histaminergic (neurons)
69
function of histamine secreted by histaminocytes
regulate gastric acid secretion
70
histamine secreted by histaminergic neurons in the brain act as
neurotransmitter in the CNC (involved in motion sickness)
71
Histamine secreted by mast cells acts as
mediators of early inflammatory reactions
72
triple response to histamine
red spot, flare, wheal
73
bright red irregular outline from the original red spot due to reflex dilatation of the adjacent small vessels
flare
74
always present in damaged tissues, decomposing tissue extract, and putrefying (decaying) ingesta rich in proteins
histamine
75
localized edema due to leakage of plasma fluid through the abnormality permeable walls of the small blood vessels
wheal
76
True or false. Histamine does not cause pain?
True.
77
excessive acid secretion in the stomach will result to
hyperacidity and ulcer
78
increased vascular permeability in response to histamine is mediated by which histamine receptos
H1 and H2 on mast cells and basophils
79
drugs to use to physiologically antagonize histamine effects
epinephrine, theophylline, aminophylline
80
produces the so-called triple response of Lewis
intradermally injected histamine
81
drugs to use to prevent release of histamine by inhibiting the responses of sensitized cells basophils to specific antigen
epinephrine, theophylline, cromolyn sodium
82
Cromolyn sodium is poorly absorbed from the gut, and is usually given through
inhalation as nebulized solution or powder
83
drug that is better absorbed than cromolyn sodium
nedicromyl
84
bronchodilators used in the management of attack of bronchospasm
theophylline, aminophylline
85
unwanted effects of theophylline and aminophylline
anorexia, nausea and vomiting, nervousness and tremor, fatal cardiac arrhythmias
86
Drugs that inhibit microsomal cytochrome P450 enzymes
erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, Calcium channel blockers, allopurinol, fluconazole, cimetidine
87
Inducers of cytochrome P450 that decrease the therapeutic effect of drugs
phenobarbital and phenytoin
88
causes peripheral vasoconstriction, bronchodilation and cardiac stimulation; effects that counter histamine effects
epinephrine
89
give 1 reason why classical or H1 antihistamine is not widely used in animals as much as in people
glucocorticoids are available and more effective
90
Enumerate some H1 antihistamine
brompheniramine, cetirizine, chlorpheniramine, clemastine, cyproheptadine
91
Prostaglandin are not stored in tissues but are formed during?
tissue damage
92
NSAIDs tend to accumulate in these organs which may cause pathological lesion
stomach, small intestine, kidney
93
percentage of protein binding of NSAIDs
95 to 99 percent
94
100x more potent vasodilator than bradykinin and histamine
platelet activating factor
95
PAF causes contraction of smooth muscles in what organs
gut, uterus, lungs
96
polypeptide production released by connective tissue and activated lymphocytes and monocytes
cytokines
97
collective term referring to heat labile factor in the extra cellular fluids
complement
98
been used in treatment of acute pancreatitis and carcinoid syndrome
aprotinin
99
complement system has at least how many protein serums and inhibitors
11 serum proteins and 3 inhibitors
100
polar lipid released from leukocytes and causes platelets to aggregate
PAF
101
used to reduce thromboembolus associated with heartworm disease in dog and with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats
aspirin
102
used as an adjunct in the non-special treatment of pigs affected with porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome (PRRS)
NSAIDs
103
factors that inhibit prostaglandins dehydrogenase
nitrate, irradiation, bacterial endotoxins
104
Analogues of PGs are being used investigational (3)
(a) In the treatment of peptic ulcer, bronchial asthma, and hypertension
(b) As abortifacients, and
(c) To prevent formation of platelet clumps
105
sites where histamine is abundantly stored
GI mucosa, bronchial mucosa, skin
106
bloods of these animals are relatively histamine
goats and rabbits
107
animals low in histamine
horse, dog, cat, rat
108
selective antagonist of H3 receptor
thioperamide
109
selective antagonist of H2 receptor
cimetidine
110
selective antagonist of H1 receptor
mepyramine
111
depression of capacity of the lungs to metabolized prostaglandins may result in increased levels of
PE₂ and PGF₂ₐ
112
Clinical uses of prostaglandins
1. Synthetic analogues
2. Treatment of certain fertility problems
3. Induce parturition
113
In veterinary medicine, NSAIDs are used for treatment of
1. Acute inflammation of musculoskeletal system
2. Non immune inflammation of the musculoskeletal system and anaphylactic reactions in cattle
3. Equine colic
4. Acute respiratory disease in calves and pigs
114
molecule that is locally synthesized by endothelium and macrophage that is a powerful cause of vasodilation and increase vascular permeability
nitric oxide
115
Roles of Cytokines
1. Induction of cell adhesion molecules on endothelium
2. Induction of PGI2 synthesis
3. Induction of PAF synthesis induction of fever, anorexia
4. Stimulation off acute-phase protein synthesis in the liver
116
Cytokine Superfamily
* Interleukins
* Chemokines
* Colony – Stimulating Factors
* Nerve – Growth Factor
* Interferon
* Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)
* Tumor Necrosis Factor Families
117
enter the area of inflammation at a later stage, several hours after the polymorphs
monocytes
118
transmit pain impulses to the central nervous system
Type C and Aծ fibers (neurons)
119
specialized lymphocytes that are active in non-immunological reactions that target cells, such as virus-infected cells and cancer cells that lack the major histocompatibility complex
natural killers
120
composed of fluids, electrolytes, proteins, cellular elements and some inflammatory mediators
inflammatory exudates
121
Fluid containing salts and high concentration of proteins including immunoglobulins
serous exudate
122
A few macrophages and few lymphocytes are present in this exudate
purulent exudate
123
exudate predominantly by fibrin and some neutrophils
fibrinous
124
during inflammation, fluid is constantly circulating to the local lymph nodes and assists in later development of a
specific immune response
125
This phase involves the production of B cells and T cells from uncommitted lymphocytes
Induction Phase of Immunological Response
126
when bacteria enters the tissue, they engulf and process the antigen, and present it to uncommitted CD4+ T helper lymphocytes
antigen presenting cells or APC
127
develop interleukins-2 (II-2)
CD4
128
This phase involves how the cells, which are produced in the induction phase, act to eliminate antigens
effect phase of the immunological response
129
Antibodies or immunoglobulins have two functions
1. To recognize and interact with specific antigens
2. To activate one or more host's defense system
130
in what portion does the antigen bind in the antibody
Fb fractions
131
complement proteins bind themselves in what portion of the antibody
Fc
132
a response to histamine wherein a localized edema due to leakage of plasma fluid through the abnormality permeable walls of the small blood vessels
wheal
133
a response to histamine that is present a few millimeters around the site of injection due to immediate direct vasodilator effect of histamine
red spot
134
Three Ways to Counteract the Inflammatory Effect of Histamine
1. Prevent release of histamine by inhibiting the responses of sensitized cells basophils to specific antigen.
2. Physiologically antagonize histamine effects.
3. Block H1 receptors of histamine
135
dosage of epinephrine in dogs and cats
0.5 to 1.5 ml of 1:10,000 solution IV, repeat in 30 min (for anaphylaxis)
136
dosage of epinephrine in horses and ruminants
1.0 ml of 1:1,000 solution per 45 kg b.w, IM, IV, SC
137
not stored in tissues, but are rapidly formed and released when tissue is damaged
prostaglandins
138
Prostanoids that cause vasodilation, inhibition of platelet aggregation, relaxation of gut and uterine muscles, modify pituitary hormone release
PGD2
139
Prostanoid causing myometrial contraction leutolysis bronchoconstriction
PGF2
140
Prostanoid that cause vasodilation, inhibition of platelet aggregation, renin release and natriuresis
PGI₂
141
prostanoids that cause vasoconstriction, platelets aggregation and bronchoconstriction
TXA₂
142
which receptor of PGE cause bronchoconstriction, contraction of gut muscles stimulation of intestinal fluid secretion
EP1
143
which receptor of PGE cause stimulation of intestinal fluid secretion, relaxation of gut muscles
EP2
144
which receptor of PGE cause contraction of intestinal muscles, inhibition of gastric acid secretion, increase in gastric mucus secretion, inhibition of lipolysis, inhibition of neurotransmitter release, and contraction of pregnant uterus
EP3
145
acts on specific LTB₄-receptors and is a powerful chemotactic agent for bit neutrophils and macrophages
LTB₄
146
have been implicated in bronchial hyperactivity in human asthmatic and cardiovascular changes of acute anaphylaxis
leukotrienes
147
heterogeneous group of compound which are often chemically unrelated
NSAID
148
prototype of NSAID
aspirin
149
it has limited contribution to overall efficacy of NSAIDs
central analgesia
150
Central analgesia probably has limited contribution to overall efficacy of NSAIDs but ______ ________ is more important
peripheral analgesia
151
caprofen can cause this condition as an adverse effect in geriatric dogs
hepatoxicity
152
caprofen is used dogs for treatment of?
osteoarthritis
153
a thrombolytic enzyme derived from endothelium by the action of bradykinin generates plasmin
plasminogen activator
154
best “anti-inflammatory” agent during disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
heparin or anti coagulant
155
Blood clotting is initiated by activation of?
Hageman factor (Factor XII)
156
Complement can be activated either by:
1. The Classical Complement Activation Pathway or
2. The Alternative Complement Activation Pathway
157
Mechanism by which Drugs may counteract the Action of Bradykinin
1. Block bradykinin receptors
2. Inhibit kallikreins
158
increases vascular permeability 15 times more than does histamine
bradykinin
159
Inhibition of this isoenzyme underlie the most significant effects of NSAID
Cyclooxygenase 1
160
Inhibition of this isoenzyme accounts for therapeutic actions of NSAIDS
Cyclooxygenase 2
