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ZZ3 Clinical Pharma > Lesson 2 > Flashcards

Lesson 2 Flashcards

1
Q

applies to any steroidal hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex

A

corticosteroid

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2
Q

predominantly affect electrolyte and water metabolism

A

mineralocorticoids

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3
Q

Cortisol predominates these species

A

humans, pigs, and dogs

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4
Q

corticosterone predominate these species

A

rabbit, mouse, and rat

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5
Q

Glucocorticoids ester that are rapid onset of action and for IV and IM routes

A

Phosphates, Hemmisuccinate

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6
Q

glucocorticoids ester that has slow absorption, available as a depot and action last days duration

A

acetate, diacetate and tebutate

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7
Q

glucocorticoids ester that is poorly water soluble and used as a depot

A

acetonide

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8
Q

glucocorticoids ester that last from weeks to months

A

pivalate

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9
Q

ability of glucocorticoid formulation to suppress the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA) is determined by

A

dose, potency of the base, duration of the action of the formulation

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10
Q

Therapeutic success of use of glucocorticoids with fewer side effects is possible with?

A

alternate day therapy

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11
Q

secretion of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary is?

A

episodic

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12
Q

blood glucocorticoid concentration varies with?

A

circadian rhythm

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13
Q

enhances the glucocorticoid activity and decreases mineralocorticoid activity (structural modification of cortisol structure)

A

A double bond at C1

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14
Q

increase both the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid activity in Ring B

A

α – fluorination at C9

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15
Q

in what ring of cortisol structure does a- methylation at c6 enhances the glucocorticoid effect

A

ring b

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16
Q

not useful when administered topically or injected in joints

A

cortisone

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17
Q

refers to the non-esterified steroid component and determines its glucocorticoid, an anti-inflammatory potency, and extents its duration of action

A

glucocorticoid base

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18
Q

have high blood glucocorticoid during the day

A

dogs

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19
Q

they have high blood glucocorticoid concentration during night

A

cats

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20
Q

Addison’s disease

A

hypoadrenocorticism

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21
Q

Glucocorticoids control inflammation by

A
  1. Maintaining circulation and normal vascular permeability
  2. Stabilizing lysosomal membrane
  3. Inhibiting production of prostaglandins
  4. Blocking free radical formation through inhibition of phosphate A
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22
Q

it is when glucocorticoids in large amounts

A

hyperadrenocorticism or Cushing’s disease

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23
Q

what does hyperglycemic action means

A

anti-insulin action

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24
Q

excretion of excessive volume or urine

A

polyuria

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25
Q

excessive thirst

A

polydispia

26
Q

retention of high sodium concentration in blood

A

hypernatremia

27
Q

Low potassium concentration in blood

A

hypokalemia

28
Q

In human beings, glucocorticoids may induce a feeling of?

A

euphoria

29
Q

Parenteral preparation of glucocorticoids preparation with rapid onset and short duration

A
  1. Hydrocortisone sodium succinate
  2. Hydrocortisone sodium phosphate
  3. Prednisolone sodium succinate
30
Q

Parenteral preparation of glucocorticoids preparation with rapid onset and intermediate duration

A
  1. Dexamethasone phosphate
  2. Dexamethasone in propylene glycol
31
Q

parenteral preparation of glucocorticoids with slow onset and long duration for skin and joints

A
  1. Triamcinolone acetonide
  2. Methylprednisolone acetate
32
Q

mimics diurnal cortisol production in most animals; causes sodium retention

A

prednisolone

33
Q

converted to prednisolone in the liver

A

prednisone

34
Q

oral preparation of glucocorticoid with slow onset and intermediate duration

A
  1. Triamcinolone acetonide
  2. Methylprednisolone acetate
35
Q

When planning to use glucocorticoids, we must seriously consider the following principles

A
  1. Diagnose first
  2. Define the specific objective
  3. Use appropriate dose
  4. Remember corticosteroids are not curative
  5. Doses of glucocorticoids are arrived all by trial and error
  6. Use intermittent therapy
  7. Avoid using glucocorticoids in infection disease
36
Q

used in the treatment of:
1. addison’s disease
2. In iatrogenic HPA axis suppression
3. Adrenalectromized patients

A

physiological replacement therapy

37
Q

it is employed in symptomatic therapy of pruritic dermatoses, allergic pulmonary disease and allergy gastroenteritis

A

anti-inflammatory and anti allergic therapy

38
Q

Immunosuppressive therapy is designed for?

A

a. Immune mediated thrombocytopenia
b. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
c. Systemic lupus erythematosus,

39
Q

employed in the condition such as chronic arthritis, hip dysplasia

A

chronic palliative therapy

40
Q

Has an advantage of causing less suppression of HPAA, and fewer side effects.

A

alternate-day therapy

41
Q

Common pitfalls of alternate day therapy

A
  1. Using ADT as primary therapy
  2. Using long-acting preparation
  3. Changing too quickly from daily medication to ADT at high steroid doses
  4. Failure to use supplement
42
Q

Hyper function of the adrenal cortex is rare, although cushing’s disease has been reported in what species

A

dogs and horses

43
Q

Effectively blocks cortisol production but not corticosterone production in young pigs

A

metyrapone

44
Q

It inhibits 17-ketosteroidproduction in human and dog

A

amphenome B

45
Q

Prolonged therapy with o,p’DDD in these animals caused atrophy of the cortex

A

goats

46
Q

Cyclosporine route of administration

A

oral or IV

47
Q

Unwanted effects of cylosporine

A

Nephrotoxicity
Hepatotoxicity
Hypertension

48
Q

It is used particularly for tissue rejection in transplant surgery

A

azathioprine

49
Q

Anti-inflammatory and Anti – allergic Therapy is commonly employed in

A

a. Symptomatic therapy of pruritic dermatoses
b. Allergic pulmonary disease, and
c. Allergic gastroenteritis

50
Q

immunosuppressive therapy should not be discontinued until?

A

2-3 months

51
Q

Give 3 Inhibitors of interleukins-2 (1L2)

A
  • Cyclosporin
  • Tacrolimus
  • Rampamycin (a.k.a sirolimus)
52
Q

Give an Inhibitor of cytokine gene expression

A

glucocorticoids

53
Q

inhibitors of purine and pyrimidine synthesis

A
  • Azathioprine
  • Mycophenolate mofecil
54
Q

used commonly in therapy of autoimmune disease, and prevent and treat transplant rejection

A

immunosuppressant agents

55
Q

Clinical uses of immunosuppressants to entail adverse effects, such as in common cases of?

A

(a) decrease response to infection
(b) facilitation of the emergence of malignant cells

56
Q

Specific drugs of immunosuppressant agents

A
  1. Cyclosporin A
  2. Tacrolimus
  3. Rapamycin
  4. Glucocorticoids
  5. Cyclophosphamide
  6. Chlorambucil
  7. Azathioprine
  8. Mycophenolate mofetil
57
Q

an immunosuppressant drug that specifically inhibits T cells early in their immune response to antigenic and regulatory stimuli without affecting suppressor T cells

A

cyclosporin A

58
Q

macrolide antibiotic with a very similar mechanism of action to cyclosporin

A

tacrolimus

59
Q

an immunosuppressant drug that affects the clonal proliferative phase of the immune response and reduce both antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immune reactions

A

cyclophosphamide

60
Q

semi-synthetic derivative of a fungal antibiotic

A

mycophenolate mofetil

ZZ3 Clinical Pharma (11 decks)

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