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ZOO102 - Invertebrate Zoology > Lesson 6 - Reproduction And Development > Flashcards

Lesson 6 - Reproduction And Development Flashcards

1
Q

Two types of reproduction

A
  1. Asexual reproduction
  2. Sexual reproduction
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2
Q

Different types of asexual reproduction

A
  1. budding
  2. fragmentation
  3. binary fission
  4. parthenogenesis
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3
Q
  • asexual reproduction method in which a new organism develops from a bud of an existing organism
  • Until the new organism matures, it remains attached to the parent organism.
A

Budding

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4
Q

e.g. Budding

A

hydra

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5
Q
  • fragment of the parent breaks off and develops into an entirely new but genetically identical individual.
  • The parent will then regenerate, or regrow, the piece that broke off, so in the end there are two new individuals from one.
A

Fragmentation

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6
Q

e.g. Fragmentation

A
  • flatworms
  • starfish
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7
Q
  • a separation of the body into two new bodies
  • an organism duplicates its genetic material, or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and then divides into two parts (cytokinesis), with each new organism receiving one copy of DNA.
A

binary fission

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8
Q

e.g. binary fission

A

flatworms

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9
Q

asexual reproduction in which a female can produce an embryo without fertilizing an egg with sperm

A

Parthenogenesis

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10
Q

e.g. Parthenogenesis

A

arthropods

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11
Q

no. of chromosomes of male bee

A

haploid

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12
Q

no. of chromosomes of female bee

A

diploid

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13
Q

formed by parthenogenesis of queen bee

A

drone

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14
Q

formed by fertilization of gametes of bees

A
  • worker sterile female
  • queen
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15
Q

form of parthenogenesis in which unfertilized eggs develop into males.

A

arrhenotokous parthenogenesis

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16
Q

Different types of sexual reproduction

A
  1. external fertilization
  2. internal fertilization
  3. hermaphroditism
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17
Q
  • sperm of a male creature fertilizes the egg of a female organism outside the female’s body
  • external
A

External fertilization

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18
Q
  • occurs when the sperm fertilizes the egg inside the female
  • terrestrial
A

Internal fertilization

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19
Q

male and female gonads are present in one organism

A

hermaphroditism

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20
Q

e.g. external fertilization

A

echinoderms

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21
Q

e.g. internal fertilization

A

insects

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22
Q

e.g. hermaphroditism

A

earthworms

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23
Q

Types of hermaphroditism

A
  1. Simultaneous hermaphroditism
  2. Sequential hermaphroditism
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24
Q

when the same organism has both the male and female sex organs and produces both types of gametes.

A

Simultaneous hermaphroditism

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25
Q

an organism switches from its inborn sex to the opposite sex, a development observed primarily in certain fish and gastropods.

A

Sequential hermaphroditism

26
Q

Types of Sequential hermaphroditism

A
  1. protandry
  2. protogyny
27
Q

organism starts life as a male and later transforms into a female

A

protandry

28
Q

e.g. protandry

A
  • shrimp
  • limpets
29
Q

organism begins as a female and then changes into a male

A

protogyny

30
Q

e.g. protogyny

A
  • slugs
  • oysters
  • polychaetes
31
Q

raised band encircling the body of oligochaete worms and some leeches, made up of reproductive segments

A

clitellum

32
Q

Sexual Reproduction Processes

A
  1. sex determination
  2. gametogenesis
  3. reproductive timing
  4. mating behavior
  5. fertilization
  6. fecundity
33
Q
  • sex differentiation
  • sex ratio
A

sex determination

34
Q
  • gamete quality
  • composition
A

gametogenesis

35
Q
  • synchronization
  • spawn timing
A

reproductive timing

36
Q
  • mate choice
  • competition
A

mating behavior

37
Q
  • egg and sperm viability
  • fertilization success
A

fertilization

38
Q
  • reproductive output
  • brooder hatch rate
A

fecundity

39
Q

Developmental stages in invertebrates

A
  1. larval stages
  2. metamorphosis
  3. direct development
40
Q

e.g. of larval stages

A
  • caterpillars
  • tadpoles
41
Q

Common larval forms

A
  1. trochophore
  2. veliger
  3. nauplius
  4. planula
42
Q

Free-swimming planktonic marine larva with several bands of cilia

A

trochophore

43
Q

e.g. of trochophore

A
  • annelids
  • molluscs
44
Q

what is used in trochophore

A

cilia

45
Q
  • larva typical of certain mollusks such as marine snails and bivalves and a few freshwater bivalves.
  • develops from the trochophore (q.v.) larva and has large, ciliated lobes (velum). The velum forms from the ciliary ring (prototroch), a characteristic of the trochophore stage
A

veliger

46
Q

e.g. veliger

A

many molluscs

47
Q

how does a veliger feed

A

filter feeding

48
Q
  • first planktonic larval form of most marine and of some freshwater crustaceans, from barnacles to anostracans to decapods
  • free-swimming
A

Nauplius

49
Q

e.g. Nauplius

A

crustaceans

50
Q
  • free-swimming or crawling larval type
  • common in many species of the phylum Cnidaria
A

Planula

51
Q

e.g. Planula

A

cnidarians

52
Q
  • transformation of morphology from juvenile to adult form
  • Dramatic change in the form and often the habits of an animal during its development after birth or hatching
A

metamorphosis

53
Q

Two types of metamorphosis

A
  1. holometabolous
  2. hemimetabolous
54
Q

complete metamorphosis

A

holometabolous

55
Q

incomplete metamorphosis

A

hemimetabolous

56
Q

in entomology, sexually immature insect that is usually similar to the adult form

A

nymph

57
Q

type of development in which a young is directly born as a small version of an adult and it develops into a mature individual without undergoing metamorphosis.

A

direct development

58
Q

e.g. direct development

A

snail

59
Q

ensure survival and genetic diversity

A

asexual and sexual reproduction

60
Q

unique adaptations that offer reproductive flexibility

A
  • hermaphroditism
  • parthenogenesis

ZOO102 - Invertebrate Zoology (16 decks)

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