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ZOO102 - Invertebrate Zoology > Lecture 2 - Nutrition > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

interaction of nutrients and other substances in food in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, and health

A

nutrition

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2
Q
  • known as producers
  • able to make their own food from raw materials and energy
A

Autotrophs

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3
Q

Examples of autotrophs

A
  • plants
  • algae
  • some types of bacteria
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4
Q
  • known as consumers
  • consume producers or other consumers.
A

heterotrophs

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5
Q

Example of heterotrophs

A
  • animals
  • fungi
  • most bacteria
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6
Q

acquisition of ingestion of food

A

feeding

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7
Q

process of breaking down complex compounds into simpler ones

A

digestion

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8
Q

Different types of heterotrophic nutrition

A
  1. Saprotrophic nutrition
  2. Parasitic nutrition
  3. Holozoic nutrition
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9
Q

feeds on dead plants, dead and decaying animal bodies

A

saprotrophic nutrition

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10
Q

example of saprotrophs

A
  • yeast
  • mushroom
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11
Q

feeds on the nutrients of another living organism

A

parasitic nutrition

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12
Q

example of parasites

A
  • tapeworm
  • lice
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13
Q

condition in which an individual host receives more parasitoids of the same species than can develop to maturity, regardless of whether the parasitoids (eggs or larvae) were distributed by a single female or by several females.

A

superparasitism

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14
Q

organism that has young that develop on or within another organism (the host), eventually killing it

A

parasitoid

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15
Q

consumes a variety of organic material, which then undergoes a series of metabolic processes such as digestion, absorption, and assimilation

A

holozoic nutrition

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16
Q

example of holozoic organisms

A
  • human beings
  • amoeba
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17
Q

Three major categories feeding type on the basis of size and type of food utilized of invertebrates

A
  1. Microphagy
  2. Macrophagy
  3. Fluid or Soft Tissue Feeding
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18
Q

what is the basis of feeding in invertebrates

A

size and type of food

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19
Q

Feeding on items that are very much smaller than the organism consuming them

A

microphagy

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20
Q

what do microphagous organisms use to capture food

A
  • cilia
  • setae
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20
Q

Different types of ciliary feeders

A
  1. suspension feeders
  2. filter feeders
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21
Q
  • organisms that capture food particles suspended in the water column
  • don’t have the filtering mechanism
  • passive
A

suspension feeders

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22
Q

example of suspension feeders

A
  • barnacles
  • anemones
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23
Q

what do barnacles use to capture food

A

cirri

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24
Q
  • slender tendril or hairlike filament
  • long, thin structure in an animal similar to a tentacle but generally lacking the tentacle’s strength, flexibility, thickness, and sensitivity.
A

cirri

25
Q

what do anemones use to capture food

A

tentacles

26
Q
  • organisms with specialized filtration apparatus to strain food particles from the water
  • actively pump water through their filters
  • active strategy
A

filter feeders

27
Q

example of filter feeders

A
  • baleen whales
  • clam shells
  • sponges
28
Q

what do baleen whales use to capture food

A

baleen plates

29
Q

what do clam shells use to capture food

A

gills

30
Q

what do sponges use to capture food

A

choanocytes

31
Q

what are the food acquired in microphagy

A
  • organic matter
  • plankton
  • detritus
32
Q
  • feed on large masses of food
  • active predators
A

macrophagy

33
Q

example of macrophagous animals

A
  • octopus
  • mollusks
34
Q
  • consume liquid food or nutrients directly from their source
  • typically have specialized mouthparts or adaptations that allow them to pierce or suck fluids from plants, animals, or other sources
A

fluid or soft tissue feeding

35
Q

Different mouthparts of fluid or soft tissue feeders

A
  1. proboscises
  2. stylets
  3. piercing-sucking mouthparts
36
Q

elongated sucking mouthpart that is typically tubular and flexible

A

proboscises

37
Q

small style, especially a piercing mouthpart of an insect

A

stylets

38
Q

pierce food items to enable sucking of internal fluids

A

piercing-sucking mouthparts

39
Q

example of animals that have proboscises

A

butterfly

40
Q

example of animals that have stylets

A
  • aphids
  • leafhoppers
41
Q

example of animals that have piercing-sucking mouthparts

A

mosquitoes

42
Q

animals that feed on blood

A

hematophagous

43
Q

inject digestive enzymes into the prey to liquify internal tissues of the prey

A

spiders

44
Q

breaking of large and complex molecules of the food, after which, they become absorbable and available for use in the ody

A

digestion

45
Q

Different types of digestion

A
  1. mechanical digestion
  2. chemical digestion
46
Q
  • purely physical process that does not change the chemical nature of the food
  • it makes the food smaller to increase both surface area and mobility
A

Mechanical digestion

47
Q
  • process where complex molecules like proteins, fats, and carbohydrates are broken down into smaller pieces that your body can use
  • requires special proteins called enzymes
A

Chemical digestion

48
Q

Different types of digestion based on where it happens

A
  1. Intracellular digestion
  2. Extracellular digestion
49
Q

refers to nutrient processing and absorption that occurs inside of cells within special structures known as lysosomes

A

Intracellular digestion

50
Q

in intracellular digestion, what captures the food

A

vacuole

51
Q

example of organisms that have intracellular digestion

A
  • protozoans
  • poriferans
52
Q

represents the process of food digestion and nutrient absorption that occurs outside of the cell.

A

extracellular digestion

53
Q

Phases of Digestion

A
  1. cephalic phase
  2. gastric phase
  3. intestinal phase
  4. hormones of the digestive system
54
Q
  • occurs before food enters the stomach, especially while it is being eaten
  • gastric secretion is initiated by the sight, smell, thought or taste of food.
  • Neurological signals originate from the cerebral cortex and in the appetite centers of the amygdala and hypothalamus.
  • enhanced secretory activity is a conditioned reflex.
  • This phase of secretion normally accounts for about 20 percent of the gastric secretion associated with eating a meal
A

cephalic phase

55
Q

second phase of digestion that follows mastication (chewing) and takes place in the stomach

A

gastric phase

56
Q

Three chemicals that stimulate gastric secretion

A
  1. Acetylcholine (ACh)
  2. Histamine
  3. Gastrin
57
Q

occurs in the duodenum as a response to the arriving chyme, and it moderates gastric activity via hormones and nervous reflexes

A

intestinal phase

58
Q

thick, semifluid mass of partly digested food that is passed from the stomach to the duodenum.

A

chyme

59
Q

Five major hormones that aid and regulate the digestive system

A
  1. gastrin (stomach)
  2. secretin (small intestine)
    3.cholecytokinin (small intestine)
  3. gastric inhibitory peptide (small intestine)
  4. motilin (small intestine)
60
Q
  • tiny finger-like projections found on the surface of certain cells
  • increase the surface area of the cell’s apical surface, resulting in more effective absorption or secretion of substances
A

Microvilli

ZOO102 - Invertebrate Zoology (5 decks)

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