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ZOO102 - Invertebrate Zoology > Lesson 5 - Nervous System and Sense Organs > Flashcards

Lesson 5 - Nervous System and Sense Organs Flashcards

1
Q

there are different types of __ __ across the invertebrate groups

A

nervous systems

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2
Q

adaptations in invertebrates

A

special sensory

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3
Q

Three types of nervous system in invertebrates

A
  1. Simple nervous system
  2. Ganglia-based nervous system
  3. Complex nervous system
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4
Q

mini brains of simpler animals

A

ganglia

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5
Q

nervous systems contribute to __

A

adaptations

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6
Q

Simple Nervous Systems

A
  1. Nerve Net
  2. Radial Nerve System
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7
Q
  • a diffuse network of neurons with no central brain
  • simple reflexes and behaviors
  • present in cnidarians
A

nerve net

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8
Q

what does the nerve net allow

A

simple reflexes and behavior

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9
Q

where are nerve nets present

A

cnidarians

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10
Q

nerve nets allow cnidarians to respond to stimuli in __ __

A

every direction

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11
Q
  • nerve cords without a true brain
  • central nerve ring that coordinates movement
  • allows coordination of limbs independently
  • present in echinoderms
A

radial nerve system

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12
Q

radial nerve system

A

radial nerve cords without a true brain

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13
Q

coordinates movement in radial nerve system

A

central nerve ring

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14
Q

where is the radial nerve system present

A

echinoderms

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15
Q

Ganglia-Based Nervous Systems

A
  1. Bilateral type
  2. Centralized brain, segmented ganglia
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16
Q
  • bilateral symmetry with nerve cords and cerebral ganglia
  • ganglia acts as a simple brain coordinating body movement
  • require a more organized system
  • present in flatworms
A

bilateral type

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17
Q

bilateral type

A
  • bilateral symmetry with
  • nerve cords and
  • cerebral ganglia
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18
Q

acts as a simple brain coordinating body movement in the bileral type

A

ganglia

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19
Q

where is bilateral type present

A

flatworms

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20
Q

Parts of the bilateral types

A
  1. cerebral ganglia
  2. longitudinal nerve cords
  3. transverse commissure
  4. peripheral nerve plexus
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21
Q
  • complex behaviors due to more developed nervous systems
  • present in arthropods
A

centralized brain, segmented ganglia

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22
Q

what do organisms with centralized brain, segemented ganglia have

A

complex behaviors

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23
Q

where are centralized brain, segmented ganglia present

A

arthropods

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24
Q

example of advanced behavior of organisms with centralized brain and segmented ganglia

A
  • rapid motion
  • swimming
  • flying
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25
Q

Parts of centralized brain, segmented ganglia

A
  1. brain
  2. ventral nerve cord
  3. segmental ganglia
26
Q
  • advanced nervous systems with large brains and optic lobes
  • capable of learning, memory, and problem solving
  • develop eyes similar to vertebrates
  • observed in cephalopods
A

complex nervous system

27
Q

what does the complex nervous system have

A
  • large brains
  • optic lobes
28
Q

what is the complex nervous system capable of

A
  • learning
  • memory
  • problem solving
29
Q

what did the organisms with complex nervous systems develop

A

eyes similar to vertebrates

30
Q

where can complex nervous systems be observed

A

cephalopods

31
Q

Sensory Adaptations in Invertebrates

A
  1. chemoreception
  2. photoreception
  3. mechanoreception
  4. thermoreception
  5. hydroreception
32
Q
  • detecting chemicals in the environment
  • e.g. antennae in insects
A

chemoreception

33
Q

example of where chemoreception can be found

A

antennae in insects

34
Q
  • detecting light using simple eyes or compound eyes
  • e.g. insects, mollusks
A

photoreception

35
Q

example of where photoreception can be found

A
  • insects
  • mollusks
36
Q
  • sensing physical stimuli, such as touch and pressure
  • e.g. tactile hairs in arthropods
A

mechanoreception

37
Q

example of where mechanoreception can be found

A

tactile hairs in arthropods

38
Q
  • detecting temperature changes
  • e.g. pit organs in some arthropods
A

thermoreception

39
Q

example of where thermoreception can be found

A

pit organs in some arthropods

40
Q

detecting level of moisture

A

hydroreception

41
Q

Inverts with Specialized Sensory Systems

A
  1. insects
  2. cephalopods
  3. crustaceans
42
Q

specialized sensory system in insects

A

compound eyes

43
Q

what do compound eyes provide

A
  • wide field of vision
  • detect fast movements
44
Q

each of the optical units that make up a compound eye, as of an insect.

A

ommatidium

45
Q

parts of the ommatidium

A
  • facet
  • lens
  • photoreceptor
46
Q

specialized sensory system in cephalopods

A

eyes with advanced lens systems

47
Q

what do the eyes with advanced lens systems for

A

sharp vision underwater

48
Q

specialized sensory system in crustaceans

A

statocysts

49
Q

what are statocysts for

A

detecting balance and orientation in water

50
Q

Different types of invertebrates which adapted to extreme environments

A
  1. deep-sea invertebrates
  2. desert invertebrates
  3. hydrothermal vent invertebrates
51
Q

adapted to detect faint light or bioluminescence

A

deep-sea invertebrates

52
Q

e.g. of deep-sea invertebrates

A

deep-sea squid

53
Q

enhanced chemoreception to detect water sources

A

desert invertebrates

54
Q

e.g. of desert invertebrates

A

desert ants

55
Q
  • reduced reliance on vision
  • adapted to detect chemical gradients
A

hydrothermal vent invertebrates

56
Q

Groundwater invertebrates’ adaptations:
ice caves & sub-glacial aquifers

A
  • cold tolerance
  • cryoprotectants
57
Q

Groundwater invertebrates’ adaptations:
thermal & hot springs

A
  • heat tolerance
  • heat shock proteins (HSP) increase
  • hormonal regulation by catecholamines
58
Q

Groundwater invertebrates’ adaptations:
lava tubes & volcanic caves

A
  • resistance to hypoxia
  • salinity tolerance
  • tolerance to H2S
59
Q

Groundwater invertebrates’ adaptations:
sulfide-rich aquifiers

A
  • regulating internal H2S levels
  • avoidance and exclusion
  • symbiosis with bacteria
60
Q

what did octopuses demonstrate according to a case study

A
  • problem-solving
  • tool use
  • ability to escape from enclosures
61
Q

what did complex brain structure allow in octopus

A

learning and adaptability in varied environments

ZOO102 - Invertebrate Zoology (16 decks)

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