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ZOO102 - Invertebrate Zoology > Lecture 3 - Respiration > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

taken into the body via respiratory process

A

oxygen

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2
Q

process by which organisms exchange gases with their environment to produce energy

A

respiration

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3
Q

Three types of respiration

A
  1. cellular respiration
  2. internal respiration
  3. external respiration
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4
Q
  • muscles between the ribs
  • involved in breathing
  • chest cavity expand, lowering volume of air inside causing inhalation
A

intercostal muscles

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5
Q

diaphragm, rib cage and chest wall relax and return to their original position, which expels the air from the lungs.

A

quiet exhalation

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6
Q

what happens during exhalation

A

diaphragm, rib cage, and chest wall relax and return to original position

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7
Q
  • lined with epithelium
  • Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles (tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs)
  • where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during
A

alveoli

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8
Q

gas exchange in internal respiration

A

blood and cells

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9
Q

gas exchange in external respiration

A

environment and lungs

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10
Q

Three steps in cellular respiration

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. krebs cycle / citric acid cycle
  3. electron transport chain
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11
Q

what happens in glycolysis

A

glucose to pyruvic acid

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12
Q

what happens in krebs cycle

A

pyruvic acid to NADH

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13
Q

Types of Respiratory Structures

A
  1. diffusion across body surfaces
  2. tracheal systems
  3. branchial systems
  4. book lungs and book gills
  5. mantle cavity
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14
Q

organisms with diffusion across body surfaces type of respiration

A
  • protozoans
  • sponges
  • cnidarians
  • flatworms
  • annelids
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15
Q

surface area in diffusion across body surfaces type of respiration

A

surface area > volume of body

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16
Q

mechanism of diffusion across body surfaces type of respiration

A
  1. direct simple diffusion
  2. cutaneous respiration
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17
Q

direct simple diffusion

A

across moist body surfaces

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18
Q

cutaneous respiration

A

directly through the moist skin

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19
Q
  • animal takes in O2 through its surface
  • animal eliminates CO2 through its surface
A

diffusion across body surfaces

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20
Q
  • gases go in or out of the spiracles
  • gases are exchanged through the tissues at the tips of the branches
A

tracheal systems

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21
Q

organisms with tracheal systems

A
  • insects
  • arachnids
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22
Q

structure in tracheal systems

A

tracheae

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23
Q

mechanism of tracheal systems

A

air enters through spiracles and diffuse through tracheae to reach cells

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24
Q
  • opening in the body surface
  • can be opened/closed voluntarily
  • air enters through body movements (flying)
A

spiracles

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25
Q

how does air enter the body of animals with tracheal systems

A

movement (flying)

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26
Q

tracheal system

A

spiracles -> tracheae -> tracheoles

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27
Q

tracheal system is __ of the circulation of the body

A

independent

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28
Q

direct, most efficient system among all active animals

A

tracheal system

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29
Q
  • countercurrent system
  • found in aquatic species
A

branchial systems

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30
Q

organisms with branchial systems

A
  • mollusks
  • crustaceans
  • annelids
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31
Q

structure in branchial systems

A
  • dermal papulae
  • branchial tufts
  • internal gills
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32
Q

projections of the coelom that serve in respiration and waste removal

A

dermal papulae

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33
Q

used to create both feeding and respiratory currents, offer a large surface area for gas exchange.

A

branchial tufts

34
Q

structure formed from the outgrowth of pharynx inside the body
- used to increase the rate of diffusion of gases and help in counter-current mechanism

A

Internal gills

35
Q

mechanism of branchial systems

A

countercurrent system

36
Q

air or water flows through the lamellae

A

book lungs and book gills

37
Q

difference between book lungs and book gills

A

book lungs - internal
book gills - external

38
Q

organisms with book lungs and book gills

A
  • arachnids
  • horseshoe crabs
39
Q

structure in book lungs and book gills

A

stacked lamellae

40
Q

mechanism of book lungs and book gills

A
  • air or water flows through lamellae
  • countercurrent flow if blood and air
41
Q

air enters to the mantle cavity via a breathing hole (pneumostome)

A

mantle cavity

42
Q

organisms with mantle cavity

A

gastropods

43
Q

structure of mantle cavity

A

ctenidia

44
Q

breathing hole in mantle cavity

A

pneumostome

45
Q

secrete material for shells

A

mantle

46
Q

Respiratory pigments

A
  1. hemocyanin
  2. hemoglobin
47
Q

where does hemocyanin perform better

A

cold environmets with low oxygen pressure

48
Q

where does hemoglobin perform better

A

oxygen rich environments

49
Q

what does hemocyanin contain

A

contains copper linking other parts of the molecule

50
Q

what does hemoglobin contain

A

iron surrounded by atoms of carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen

51
Q

what does hemocyanin bind with

A

oxygen non cooperatively most of the time

52
Q

what does hemoglobin bind with

A

oxygen cooperatively all of the time

53
Q

efficiency of hemocyanin in binding with oxygen

A

1/4 as efficient as hemoglobin

54
Q

how is hemocyanin found

A

free floating in blood

55
Q

how is hemoglobin found

A

connected to red blood cells

56
Q

Other unique adaptations

A
  1. respiratory pigment
  2. anaerobic respiration
57
Q

ATP in aerobic respiration

A

36-38 ATP

58
Q

ATP in anaerobic respiration

A

2 ATP

59
Q

example of organisms with anaerobic respiration

A

roundworms (endoparasites in intestine)

60
Q

found in higher forms

A

circulatory system

61
Q

components of circulatory system

A
  1. pump
  2. arterial distribution system
  3. capillaries (interfacing with cells)
  4. venous reservoir and return system
62
Q

used in distribution

A

arterial distribution system

63
Q

used for recovery

A

venous reservoir and return system

64
Q

important factor in the design of the circulatory system

A

size

65
Q

where does the circulatory system of earthworms rely on

A

peristaltic movement

66
Q

functions as heart in earthworms

A

dorsal vessel

67
Q

where do dorsal vessels in earthworms run along

A

anterior region

68
Q

where do ventral vessels in earthworms run along

A

posterior region

69
Q

Two types of circulatory system

A
  1. open circulatory system
  2. closed circulatory system
70
Q
  • pump blood into a hemocoel with the blood diffusing back to the circulatory system between cells
  • common to molluscs and arthropods
A

open circulatory system

71
Q

where are open circulatory system common

A
  • molluscs
  • arthropods
72
Q

where is the blood pumped to in open circulatory system

A

hemocoel

73
Q

what is pumped in open circulatory systems

A

hemolymph

74
Q

hemolymph

A

mix of blood and interstitial fluid

75
Q
  • blood is pumped by a hearth through vessels, and does not normally fill body cavities
  • found in vertebrates and a few invertebrates
A

closed circulatory system

76
Q

where is blood pumped in closed circulatory system

A

by heart through vessels

77
Q

how is hemocoel formed

A

fusion of primary blastocoel with coelom

78
Q

mesoderm in closed circulatory system

A

expanding

79
Q

mesoderm in open circulatory system

A

restricted

80
Q

eucoelomate embryo

A

gastrula

81
Q

have a true coelom that arises entirely within the mesoderm germ layer and is lined by an epithelial membrane

A

Eucoelomates

82
Q

parts of a eucoelomate embryo

A
  • mesoderm
  • coelom
  • blastocoel

ZOO102 - Invertebrate Zoology (16 decks)

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