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ZOO102 - Invertebrate Zoology > Lecture 2 - Locomotion > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Locomotion Flashcards

1
Q

movement in which an animal changes its place and position in search of food, partners, protection, and suitable environment in response to stimulus

A

locomotion

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2
Q

only life forms that have muscles

A

animals

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3
Q

what are the locomotory organelles of unicellular orgainsms

A
  • cilia
  • flagella
  • pseudopodia
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4
Q

specialized contractile tissues that are unique to the animal kingdom

A

muscles

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5
Q

Properties of muscle fibers

A
  • excitability
  • contractility
  • extensibility
  • elasticity
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6
Q

proteins that participate in the function of muscles

A
  • actin
  • myosin
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7
Q

What are the locomotory organelles in protozoans

A
  1. pseudopodia
  2. cilia
  3. flagella
  4. pellicular contractile structures
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8
Q
  • structures observed on certain unicellular organisms and some animal cells that function as a way of locomotion and a way to capture and engulf food
  • extrusion of cytoplasm
  • not permanent
A

pseudopodia

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9
Q

where are pseudopodia observed

A

in “naked protozoans”

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10
Q

protozoans that do not have a definite pellicle

A

naked protozoans

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11
Q
  • The outer surface layer of some protozoa
  • sufficiently rigid to maintain a distinctive shape, as in the trypanosomes and Giardia
A

pellicle

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12
Q

Two areas of the cytoplasm of protozoans

A
  1. Ectoplasm
  2. Endoplasm
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13
Q

pseudopodia are mainly formed by what area of cytoplasm

A

ectoplasm

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14
Q

Different types of Pseudopodia

A
  1. Lobopodia
  2. Reticulopodia
  3. Filopodia
  4. Axopodia
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15
Q
  • broad, lobe-like, sometimes branched, with rounded tips
  • consists of both ectoplasm and endoplasm
  • can project in different directions
  • exhibited by amoeba
  • movement is by pressure flow mechanism
A

lobopodia

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16
Q

protozoan representative of lobopodia

A

amoeba

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17
Q

movement mechanism of lobopodia

A

pressure flow mechanism

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18
Q

shape of lobopodia

A
  • broad, lobe-like
  • sometimes branched
  • rounded tips
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19
Q

composition of lobopodia

A
  • ectoplasm
  • endoplasm
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20
Q
  • thread-like hyaline projections
  • pointed tips
  • radiate from the body in all directions
  • unlike lobopodia, it is composed only of ectoplasm
  • filamentous in nature
  • taper from base to tip
A

filopodia

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21
Q

shape of filopodia

A
  • thread-like hyaline projections
  • pointed tips
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22
Q

composition of filopodia

A

ectoplasm only

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23
Q

protozoan representative of filopodia

A

Euglypha

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24
Q
  • complex networks of anastomose branching
  • filamentous
  • exhibit a two way flow of their cytoplasm
A

reticulopodia

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25
Q

shape of reticulopodia

A
  • anastomose branching
  • filaments are branched and interconnected
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26
Q

purpose of anastomose branching of reticulopodia

A

useful in food capture

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27
Q

flow of cytoplasm in reticulopodia

A

two way flow

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28
Q

protozoan representative of reticulopodia

A

Globigerina

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29
Q
  • spine-like radiating the surface of rounded body
  • composed of outer cytoplasm
A

axopodia

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30
Q

what does the outer cytoplasm in axopodia cover

A

axial rods

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31
Q

protozoan representative of axopodia

A

Actinophrys

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32
Q

fine, delicate, and thread-like/ hair-like extension of the protoplasm that allow cells to move

A

flagella

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33
Q

composition of flagella

A

axoneme

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34
Q

what surrounds the axoneme

A

protoplasmic sheath

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35
Q

axoneme consists of what?

A

two longitudinal fibrils

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36
Q

protoplasmic sheath contains of what?

A

nine duplets of longitudinal fibrils

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37
Q

microtubule arrangement of flagella

A

9+2 arrangement

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38
Q

where do the microtubules in flagella lie

A

very dense cytoplasm

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39
Q

flagellar appendages or flagellar hairs (flimmer) that are only found on the flagella of protists

A

Mastigonemes

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40
Q

Different types of flagella based on their mastigonemes

A
  1. Stichonematic
  2. Pantonematic
  3. Acronematic
  4. Pantacronematic
  5. Anematic
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41
Q

mastigonemes are present on one side of the flagellum

A

stichonematic

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42
Q

Example of protozoa that is stichonematic

A
  • Euglena
  • Astasia
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43
Q

Two or more rows of mastigonemes are present on both sides of the flagellum.

A

pantonematic

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44
Q

Example of protozoa that is pantonematic

A
  • Peranema
  • Monas
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45
Q

The mastigonemes are absent and the distal ends of the flagellum end as a terminal, naked, axial filament

A

acronematic

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46
Q

Example of protozoa that is acronematic

A

Chlamydomonas

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47
Q

The mastigonemes are present on 2 rows on the lateral sides of the flagellum but the flagellum ends in a terminal, naked, axial filamen

A

pantachronematic

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48
Q

Example of protozoa that is pantachronematic

A

Urceolus

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49
Q

The flagellum is simple without mastigonemes and/or terminal naked filament are absent.

A

Anematic

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50
Q

Example of protozoa that is anematic

A

Cryptomonas

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51
Q

mostly, where does the flagella originate

A

anterior end

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52
Q

species that have its flagella originate on the posterior end

A

Trypanosoma

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53
Q
  • reatively much shorter when compared to the size of the body
  • more in number and cover the entire body
  • move in different way from those of the flagella
A

cilia

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54
Q

cytoplasm composition of cilia

A

ectoplasm

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55
Q

where do cilia arise from

A

blepharoplast or basal body

56
Q

where is the basal body located

A

deep inside the cytoplasm

57
Q

Different ciliary arrangements

A
  1. undulating membranes
  2. membranelles
  3. cirri
58
Q
  • thin, transparent sheet like flaps
  • usually found in the buccal cavity (mouth part)
  • made up of one or more longitudinal rows of cilia
A

undulating membranes

59
Q

undulating membranes are made up of what type of rows

A

longitudal rows of cilia

60
Q

motion of undulating membranes

A

scoop for food

61
Q
  • paddle-like stucture
  • arranged in spiral rows in the peristomial area
  • fusion of two or more transverse rows of cilia
  • edges remain free
  • make powerful sweeping action
A

membranelles

62
Q

the region around the mouth in various invertebrates

A

peristomial area

63
Q

membranelles are made up of what type of rows

A

transverse rows

64
Q

action of membranelles

A

powerful sweeping action

65
Q
  • fusion of two or three rows of cilia
  • found on ventral surface
  • move in all direction
  • help in crawling or swimming movement
  • tactile organs
A

cirri

66
Q

where is the cirri found

A

ventral surface

67
Q

motion of cirri

A

crawling or swimming

68
Q

other function of cirri

A

tactile or sensory

69
Q
  • contractile structure found in some eukaryotic single-celled organisms
  • consist of series of protein filaments that shorten rapidly upon exposure to calcium
  • form grooves or ridges across the body of the protist
A

pellicular contractile structures
- myoneme or
- spasmoneme

70
Q

Several modes of motion observed in myonemes

A
  1. ameboid movement
  2. flagellar
  3. cilia
  4. metabolic movement
  5. hydrostatic movement
71
Q
  • induced by converting the viscosity or rigidity of the protoplasm within the cell in certain unicellular organisms’ movement is
  • This is of importance in understanding how the amoeba moves.
A

sol-gel theory

72
Q

Common example of protozoans that have ameboid movement

A

Sarcodina

73
Q

what year was the sol gel theory proposed

A

1917

74
Q

where is the protoplasm pushed toward during ameboid movement

A

advancing end

75
Q

where does the pseudopodia formation depends upon

A

contraction of plasmagel

76
Q
  • specialized outer gel-like cytoplasm of living cell that move by extruding part of the cell (known as a pseudopodium) in the direction of motion
  • forms the outer layer of the cytoplasm is thick, less in quantity, non-granular, transparent and contractile
A

plasmagel

77
Q
  • inner layer of the cytoplasm is more in quantity, less viscous, fluid like, more granular and opaque
  • central elongated fluid portion of the amoeba
A

plasmasol

78
Q

clear region next to the cell surface membrane which is enlarged at the tip of the pseudopod

A

hyaline cap

79
Q

these are bulb like extension which is present in the posterior part of the amoeba

A

uroid

80
Q
  • zone near the hyaline cap
  • where sol transforms into gel
A

zone of gelation

81
Q
  • zone near the uroid
  • where gel transforms into sol
A

zone of solation

82
Q

state of proteins in the plasmosol

A

folded state

83
Q

state of proteins in the plasmagel

A

unfolded state

84
Q

Elastic strength of plasmagel from highest to lowest

A
  1. Sides
  2. Trailing end
  3. Advancing end
85
Q

attached to the substratum when the amoeba is moving

A

plasmalemma

86
Q

causes the swimming motion of the amoeba

A
  • flagella
  • cilia
87
Q
  • highly vibratile structure
  • form lashing movement
  • some rowing action, some undulating action
A

flagella

88
Q

Several theories of the flagellar movement

A
  1. Paddle stroke movement
  2. Undulating Motion
  3. Simple conical gyration
89
Q

common movement of a flagellum is sideways lash, consisting of an effective down stroke and a relaxed recovery stroke

A

paddle stroke

90
Q

Different strokes in the paddle stroke movement or sidewash lash movement

A
  1. Effective stroke
  2. Recovery stroke
91
Q
  • flagellum becomes rigid and starts bending against the water
  • This beating in water at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body causes the organism to move forward
A

Effective stroke

92
Q

what happens in the flagella during effective stroke

A
  • rigid, bending against water
  • beating at right angles to longitudinal axis
  • cause organism to move forward
93
Q
  • flagellum becomes comparatively soft and will be less resistant to the water
  • helps the flagellum move backwards and then to the original position.
A

Recovery stroke

94
Q

what happens in the flagella during recovery stroke

A
  • becomes soft, less resistsant to water
  • cause organism to move backwards
95
Q

wave-like movement in flagellum, proceed from tip to base and from base to tip

A

undulating motion

96
Q

Undulation from the base to the tip

A

pushing force, pushes organism backwards

97
Q

Undulation from the tip to the base

A

pulling force, pull organism forward

98
Q
  • this kind of movement the flagellum turns like a screw.
  • propelling action pulls the organism forward through the water with a spiral rotation around the axis of movement and gyration on its own.
A

simple conical gyration

99
Q

author of the screw theory of flagella

A

Butschli

100
Q

two forces created in the screw theory movement

A
  1. parallel to main axis, drive animal to move forward
  2. right angle to main axis, rotate animal on its own axis
101
Q

Just like the flagellum, it also shows back and forth movements during the locomotion

A

ciliary movement

102
Q

two types of stroke in ciliary movement

A
  1. effective stroke
  2. recovery stroke
103
Q

cilium bends and beats agains water bringing the body forward and sending the water backwards

A

effective stroke

104
Q

cilium comes back to original position by backward movement without any resistance

A

recovery stroke

105
Q

Two types of coordinated rhythms in ciliary movement

A
  1. Synchronous rhythm
  2. Metachronous rhythm
106
Q

cilia beats simultaneously in a transverse row

A

synchronous rhythm

107
Q
  • cilia beat one after another in a longitudinal row
  • wave pass from anterior to posterior end
A

metachronous rhythm

108
Q

coordinates the ciliary movement

A

motorium

109
Q

where is the motorium present

A

near the cytopharynx

110
Q

fastest locomotion in protozoans

A

ciliary movement

111
Q

example of protozoa that has ciliary movement

A

Paramecium

112
Q
  • gliding movement by the myonemes
  • typical of certain flagellates and sporozoans at certain life cycle stages
  • show gliding or wriggling of peristaltic movement
  • also known as gregarine movement
A

metabolic movement

113
Q

other term for metabolic movement

A

gregarine movement

114
Q

contractile fibrils which are similar to the myofibrils

A

Myonemes

115
Q

who has metabolic movement or gliding movement

A
  • flagellates
  • Sporozoans
  • Cnidospora
  • some ciliates
116
Q

movements seen in metabolic movement

A
  • gliding
  • wriggling
  • peristaltic movement
117
Q

transmiter of the metabolic movement

A

calcium

118
Q

contraction of myofibrils are anchored in hydrostatic skeleton

A

hydrostatic movement

119
Q
  • skeleton formed by a fluid-filled compartment within the body, called the coelom
  • can be used by the organism to modify its shape
A

hydrostatic skeleton

120
Q

fluid-filled body cavity of an animal that contains the internal organs

A

coelom

121
Q

where did the tissue layer lining the coelom come from

A

mesoderm

122
Q

fluid equivalent to blood in most invertebrates, occupying the hemocoel

A

hemolymph

123
Q

where is the hemolymph found

A

hemocoel

124
Q

what type of fluid is the hemolymph

A

Incompressible fluid

125
Q

fluids with constant density

A

Incompressible fluid

126
Q

example of phyla that have hydrostatic skeleton

A
  • Cnidaria
  • Annelida
  • Echinoderms
127
Q

stiff structure resembling a hair or a bristle, especially in an invertebrate

A

seta

128
Q

movement of the hydrostatic movement

A

peristaltic movement

129
Q

what closes in the Annelids that causes it to move

A

sphincter

130
Q

muscles in animals with hydrostatic movement

A
  • circular muscles
  • longitudinal muscles
131
Q

relationship between circular and longitudinal muscles

A

antagonistic muscles

132
Q

what happens in an antagonistic muscle pair

A

as one muscle contracts the other muscle relaxes or lengthens

133
Q

muscle that is contracting

A

agonist

134
Q

muscle that is relaxing or lengthening

A

antagonist

135
Q

what happens to the setae when there is pressure

A

projected

136
Q

what is the function of the setae once projected

A

foothold

ZOO102 - Invertebrate Zoology (16 decks)

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