Lesson 4 - Excretion and Osmoregulation Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
elimination of metabolic waste products from the body
A
excretion
2
Q
regulation of water and ion balance within the body fluids
A
osmoregulation
3
Q
Different types of organisms with different excretion
A
- ammonotelic
- ureotelic
- uricotelic
- guanotelic
4
Q
- excreting ammonia as the main nitrogenous waste
- do not need energy, but requires a lot of water
- from protein
A
ammonotelic
5
Q
example of ammonotelic organisms
A
- protozoans
- crustaceans
- platyhelminths
6
Q
what do ammonotelics excrete
A
ammonia
7
Q
- term used to describe animals that excrete most of their nitrogen waste products as urea
- found mostly in terrestrial organisms
- needs energy
A
ureotelic
8
Q
less toxic form of ammonia
A
urine
9
Q
what do ureotelics excrete
A
urea
10
Q
example of invertebrate ureotelic
A
earthworm
11
Q
- cells in annelids that function similarly to the liver in vertebrates
- The cells store glycogen and neutralize toxins.
- converts ammonia to urea
A
Chloragogen cells
12
Q
- excrete uric acid or its salts
- Because uric acid is less toxic and more water soluble than ammonia and urea, it can more easily be stored in the body and requires less water for excretion.
- organisms live in arid environments
A
uricotelic
13
Q
what do uricotelic excrete
A
uric acid
14
Q
example of uricotelics
A
- terrestrial insects
- reptiles
- birds
15
Q
description of uric acid
A
pasty consistency, crystalizes
16
Q
advantage of uric acid
A
can be stored in the body for an indefinite period
17
Q
weight of uric acid
A
can take as much as 10% in their dry weight
18
Q
- Animals that excrete guanine as their waste product
- less water
- more energy
- intermediate metabolite of uric acid
A
guanotelic
19
Q
what do guanotelics excrete
A
guanine
20
Q
guanine is an intermediate metabolite of what
A
uric acid
21
Q
advantages:
ammonia
A
produced with little energy
22
Q
advantages:
urea
A
- less toxic than ammonia
- less water needed to excrete
23
Q
advantages:
uric acid
A
very little water is excreted with it
24
Q
advantages:
guanine
A
- relatively non-toxic
- less water is excreted
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disadvantages:
ammonia
- toxic in concentrated solution
- must be excreted in a lot of water
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disadvantages:
urea
require little more energy to produce it
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disadvantages:
uric acid
requires considerable energy to produce it
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disadvantages:
guanine
more energy needed
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habitat:
ammonia
water
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habitat:
urea
- land
- sea
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habitat:
uric acid
land
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habitat:
guanine
arid habitat (land)
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excreted by:
ammonia
1. marine and freshwater invertebrates
2. bony fish
3. amphibian larvae
4. crocodiles
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excreted by:
urea
1. adult amphibians
2. turtles
3. mammals
4. bony fishes
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excreted by:
uric acid
1. reptiles
2. birds
3. insects
4. land gastropods
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excreted by:
guanine
1. scorpions
2. spiders
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Different Excretory Mechanisms
1. diffusion across body surfaces
2. nephridia
3. coelomoducts
4. malphigian tubes
5. green glands (antennal)
6. coxal glands
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simple diffusion of wastes in organisms like sponges and cnidarians
diffusion across body surfaces
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organisms who diffuse waste across body surfaces
- sponges
- cnidarians
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- invertebrate excretory organ that developed from the ectoderm
- open to the exterior of organism
nephridia
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- function like a kidney, removing waste materials through filtration
- closed
Flame cells
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- propel waste matter down the tubules and out of the body through excretory pores that open on the body surface
- draw water from the interstitial fluid, allowing for filtration
cilia
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Two architectural units of nephridia
1. protonephridia
2. metanephridia
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- network of dead-end tubules without internal openings
- simple excretory structures found in flatworms
- occur both in coelomates and acoelomates
protonephridia
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organisms with protonephridia
- Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
- Nemertea
- Rotifera
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encloses protonephridia
flame cells
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- prmitive excretory organs present in many invertebrates, originating in a ciliated coelomic funnel
- type of excretory glands with a ciliated funnel opening into the body cavity
- not enclosed by flame cells
metanephridia
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organisms with metanephridia
- Annelids
- Arthropods
- Molluscs
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where does metanephridia occur
coelomates
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opening of the nephridia
1. nephrostome
2. nephridiopore
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funnel-shaped opening of a nephridium into the body cavity
nephrostome
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external opening of a nephridium, where waste is excreted from the cell
nephridiopore
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- excretory and reproductive ducts found in some invertebrates that connect the coelom (body cavity) to the outside environment
- found in some mollusks
coelomoducts
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where are coelomoducts found
some mollusks
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- tubules connected to the digestive tract
- secrete nitrogenous easte
- found in terrestrial arthropods
- regulate water balance
malpighian tubules
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where are malpighian tubules found
terrestrial arthropods
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exits the malpighian tubules
uric acid and faeces
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- glandular structures that remove waste products from the hemolymph
- found in crustaceans
green glands (antennal)
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where are green glands found
crustaceans
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parts of the anntenal gland (green gland)
1. opening
2. bladder
3. tubule
4. labyrinth
5. end sac
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- excretory organs near the base of legs that release waste through pores
- found in some arachnids
coxal glands
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where are coxal glands found
some arachnids
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organisms that maintain internal osmolarity similar to their environment
osmoconformers
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e.g. of osmoconformers
- jellyfish
- sea stars
(many marine invertebrates)
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organisms that actively regulate internal osmolarity regardless of external conditions
osmoregulators
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e.g. of osmoregulators
- freshwater invertebrates
- terrestrial arthropods
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organisms can tolerate only a relatively-narrow range of salinity.
Stenohaline
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organisms are tolerant of a relatively-wide range of salinity
Euryhaline
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- auxiliary organs of osmoregulation.
- By the absorption and excretion of ions, they support the limited potency of excretory organs to achieve homeostasis under extreme conditions of hydration and dehydration
- Chloride cells (ionocytes)
- salt glands
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stenohaline organisms
osmoregulators
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can be euryhaline organisms
osmoconformers
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are those with higher salt concentrations than seawater
Hypersaline environments
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organisms that thrive in Hypersaline environments
- brine shrimp (Artemia)
- other invertebrates
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adaptations of organisms that thrive in Hypersaline environments
1. efficient osmoregulation
2. highly permeable membranes
3. high hemolymph salt concentration
4. cyst formation
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take in water and excrete salts
highly permeable membranes
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one mechanism to avoid water loss
high hemolymph salt concentration
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- dormant form that can thrive for long periods of time
- highly resilient
cyst formation
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have highly efficient osmoregulatory systems to minimize water loss
desert arthropods
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example of desert arthropods
- scorpions
- certain ants
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adaptations of organisms that live in the desert
1. water conservation
2. behavioral adaptation
3. physiological adaptation
4. water collection
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water conservation of desert arthropods
uric acid waste
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behavioral adaptation of desert arthropods
- nocturnal
- burrowers
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physiological adaptation of desert arthropods
metabolic processes can tolerate high heat
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water collection of desert arthropods
condensation of water on their body surface
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- helps prevent loss of water
- impermeable, thick, waxy
exoskeleton
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adaptations in this kind of environment include symbiotic relationships with bacteria and specialized excretory structures
hydrothermal vent
(high salinity, extreme temperatures)
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what are the adaptations of organisms living in hydrothermal vents
1. chemosynthetic symbiosis
2. heat tolerance
3. adaptations to toxic chemicals
4. pressure adaptations
5. aphotic conditions
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uses chemicals to make food (bacteria)
chemosynthetic symbiosis
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have heat shock proteins and other enzymes
heat tolerance (more than 100°C)
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- evovled good mechanism to detoxify
- specialized gill structures
adaptations to toxic chemicals
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detects infrared light
aphotic conditions
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At depths greater than 200 m where light cannot penetrate
aphotic conditions
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what do organisms detect in aphotic conditions
infrared lights
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excretion in simple invertebrates
diffusion-based
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excretion in higher taxa
more complex nephridial and tubular systems
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there is a shift in __ and __ __ between terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates
- excretion
- osmoregulation strategies
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enable invertebrates to thrive in varied environments
efficient waste removal and water balance
