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ZOO102 - Invertebrate Zoology > Lesson 4 - Excretion and Osmoregulation > Flashcards

Lesson 4 - Excretion and Osmoregulation Flashcards

1
Q

elimination of metabolic waste products from the body

A

excretion

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2
Q

regulation of water and ion balance within the body fluids

A

osmoregulation

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3
Q

Different types of organisms with different excretion

A
  1. ammonotelic
  2. ureotelic
  3. uricotelic
  4. guanotelic
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4
Q
  • excreting ammonia as the main nitrogenous waste
  • do not need energy, but requires a lot of water
  • from protein
A

ammonotelic

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5
Q

example of ammonotelic organisms

A
  1. protozoans
  2. crustaceans
  3. platyhelminths
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6
Q

what do ammonotelics excrete

A

ammonia

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7
Q
  • term used to describe animals that excrete most of their nitrogen waste products as urea
  • found mostly in terrestrial organisms
  • needs energy
A

ureotelic

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8
Q

less toxic form of ammonia

A

urine

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9
Q

what do ureotelics excrete

A

urea

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10
Q

example of invertebrate ureotelic

A

earthworm

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11
Q
  • cells in annelids that function similarly to the liver in vertebrates
  • The cells store glycogen and neutralize toxins.
  • converts ammonia to urea
A

Chloragogen cells

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12
Q
  • excrete uric acid or its salts
  • Because uric acid is less toxic and more water soluble than ammonia and urea, it can more easily be stored in the body and requires less water for excretion.
  • organisms live in arid environments
A

uricotelic

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13
Q

what do uricotelic excrete

A

uric acid

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14
Q

example of uricotelics

A
  • terrestrial insects
  • reptiles
  • birds
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15
Q

description of uric acid

A

pasty consistency, crystalizes

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16
Q

advantage of uric acid

A

can be stored in the body for an indefinite period

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17
Q

weight of uric acid

A

can take as much as 10% in their dry weight

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18
Q
  • Animals that excrete guanine as their waste product
  • less water
  • more energy
  • intermediate metabolite of uric acid
A

guanotelic

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19
Q

what do guanotelics excrete

A

guanine

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20
Q

guanine is an intermediate metabolite of what

A

uric acid

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21
Q

advantages:
ammonia

A

produced with little energy

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22
Q

advantages:
urea

A
  • less toxic than ammonia
  • less water needed to excrete
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23
Q

advantages:
uric acid

A

very little water is excreted with it

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24
Q

advantages:
guanine

A
  • relatively non-toxic
  • less water is excreted
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25
Q

disadvantages:
ammonia

A
  • toxic in concentrated solution
  • must be excreted in a lot of water
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26
Q

disadvantages:
urea

A

require little more energy to produce it

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27
Q

disadvantages:
uric acid

A

requires considerable energy to produce it

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28
Q

disadvantages:
guanine

A

more energy needed

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29
Q

habitat:
ammonia

A

water

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30
Q

habitat:
urea

A
  • land
  • sea
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31
Q

habitat:
uric acid

A

land

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32
Q

habitat:
guanine

A

arid habitat (land)

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33
Q

excreted by:
ammonia

A
  1. marine and freshwater invertebrates
  2. bony fish
  3. amphibian larvae
  4. crocodiles
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34
Q

excreted by:
urea

A
  1. adult amphibians
  2. turtles
  3. mammals
  4. bony fishes
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35
Q

excreted by:
uric acid

A
  1. reptiles
  2. birds
  3. insects
  4. land gastropods
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36
Q

excreted by:
guanine

A
  1. scorpions
  2. spiders
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37
Q

Different Excretory Mechanisms

A
  1. diffusion across body surfaces
  2. nephridia
  3. coelomoducts
  4. malphigian tubes
  5. green glands (antennal)
  6. coxal glands
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38
Q

simple diffusion of wastes in organisms like sponges and cnidarians

A

diffusion across body surfaces

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39
Q

organisms who diffuse waste across body surfaces

A
  • sponges
  • cnidarians
40
Q
  • invertebrate excretory organ that developed from the ectoderm
  • open to the exterior of organism
A

nephridia

41
Q
  • function like a kidney, removing waste materials through filtration
  • closed
A

Flame cells

42
Q
  • propel waste matter down the tubules and out of the body through excretory pores that open on the body surface
  • draw water from the interstitial fluid, allowing for filtration
A

cilia

43
Q

Two architectural units of nephridia

A
  1. protonephridia
  2. metanephridia
44
Q
  • network of dead-end tubules without internal openings
  • simple excretory structures found in flatworms
  • occur both in coelomates and acoelomates
A

protonephridia

45
Q

organisms with protonephridia

A
  • Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
  • Nemertea
  • Rotifera
46
Q

encloses protonephridia

A

flame cells

47
Q
  • prmitive excretory organs present in many invertebrates, originating in a ciliated coelomic funnel
  • type of excretory glands with a ciliated funnel opening into the body cavity
  • not enclosed by flame cells
A

metanephridia

48
Q

organisms with metanephridia

A
  • Annelids
  • Arthropods
  • Molluscs
49
Q

where does metanephridia occur

A

coelomates

50
Q

opening of the nephridia

A
  1. nephrostome
  2. nephridiopore
51
Q

funnel-shaped opening of a nephridium into the body cavity

A

nephrostome

52
Q

external opening of a nephridium, where waste is excreted from the cell

A

nephridiopore

53
Q
  • excretory and reproductive ducts found in some invertebrates that connect the coelom (body cavity) to the outside environment
  • found in some mollusks
A

coelomoducts

54
Q

where are coelomoducts found

A

some mollusks

55
Q
  • tubules connected to the digestive tract
  • secrete nitrogenous easte
  • found in terrestrial arthropods
  • regulate water balance
A

malpighian tubules

56
Q

where are malpighian tubules found

A

terrestrial arthropods

57
Q

exits the malpighian tubules

A

uric acid and faeces

58
Q
  • glandular structures that remove waste products from the hemolymph
  • found in crustaceans
A

green glands (antennal)

59
Q

where are green glands found

A

crustaceans

60
Q

parts of the anntenal gland (green gland)

A
  1. opening
  2. bladder
  3. tubule
  4. labyrinth
  5. end sac
61
Q
  • excretory organs near the base of legs that release waste through pores
  • found in some arachnids
A

coxal glands

62
Q

where are coxal glands found

A

some arachnids

63
Q

organisms that maintain internal osmolarity similar to their environment

A

osmoconformers

64
Q

e.g. of osmoconformers

A
  • jellyfish
  • sea stars

(many marine invertebrates)

65
Q

organisms that actively regulate internal osmolarity regardless of external conditions

A

osmoregulators

66
Q

e.g. of osmoregulators

A
  • freshwater invertebrates
  • terrestrial arthropods
67
Q

organisms can tolerate only a relatively-narrow range of salinity.

A

Stenohaline

68
Q

organisms are tolerant of a relatively-wide range of salinity

A

Euryhaline

69
Q
  • auxiliary organs of osmoregulation.
  • By the absorption and excretion of ions, they support the limited potency of excretory organs to achieve homeostasis under extreme conditions of hydration and dehydration
A
  • Chloride cells (ionocytes)
  • salt glands
70
Q

stenohaline organisms

A

osmoregulators

71
Q

can be euryhaline organisms

A

osmoconformers

72
Q

are those with higher salt concentrations than seawater

A

Hypersaline environments

73
Q

organisms that thrive in Hypersaline environments

A
  • brine shrimp (Artemia)
  • other invertebrates
74
Q

adaptations of organisms that thrive in Hypersaline environments

A
  1. efficient osmoregulation
  2. highly permeable membranes
  3. high hemolymph salt concentration
  4. cyst formation
75
Q

take in water and excrete salts

A

highly permeable membranes

76
Q

one mechanism to avoid water loss

A

high hemolymph salt concentration

77
Q
  • dormant form that can thrive for long periods of time
  • highly resilient
A

cyst formation

78
Q

have highly efficient osmoregulatory systems to minimize water loss

A

desert arthropods

79
Q

example of desert arthropods

A
  • scorpions
  • certain ants
80
Q

adaptations of organisms that live in the desert

A
  1. water conservation
  2. behavioral adaptation
  3. physiological adaptation
  4. water collection
81
Q

water conservation of desert arthropods

A

uric acid waste

82
Q

behavioral adaptation of desert arthropods

A
  • nocturnal
  • burrowers
83
Q

physiological adaptation of desert arthropods

A

metabolic processes can tolerate high heat

84
Q

water collection of desert arthropods

A

condensation of water on their body surface

85
Q
  • helps prevent loss of water
  • impermeable, thick, waxy
A

exoskeleton

86
Q

adaptations in this kind of environment include symbiotic relationships with bacteria and specialized excretory structures

A

hydrothermal vent
(high salinity, extreme temperatures)

87
Q

what are the adaptations of organisms living in hydrothermal vents

A
  1. chemosynthetic symbiosis
  2. heat tolerance
  3. adaptations to toxic chemicals
  4. pressure adaptations
  5. aphotic conditions
88
Q

uses chemicals to make food (bacteria)

A

chemosynthetic symbiosis

89
Q

have heat shock proteins and other enzymes

A

heat tolerance (more than 100°C)

90
Q
  • evovled good mechanism to detoxify
  • specialized gill structures
A

adaptations to toxic chemicals

91
Q

detects infrared light

A

aphotic conditions

92
Q

At depths greater than 200 m where light cannot penetrate

A

aphotic conditions

93
Q

what do organisms detect in aphotic conditions

A

infrared lights

94
Q

excretion in simple invertebrates

A

diffusion-based

95
Q

excretion in higher taxa

A

more complex nephridial and tubular systems

96
Q

there is a shift in __ and __ __ between terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates

A
  • excretion
  • osmoregulation strategies
97
Q

enable invertebrates to thrive in varied environments

A

efficient waste removal and water balance

ZOO102 - Invertebrate Zoology (16 decks)

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