Lesson 6: Bacteria Flashcards
prokaryotes
species with cells lacking membrane-bound organelles
eukaryotes
membrane bound organelles
domains
includes archaea, bacteria, eukarya
domain archaea
kingdom arcaebacteria which are all prokaryotes
domain bacteria
kingdom bacteria, the most abundant organisms on earth
domain eukarya
includes kingdom plantae, fungi, Animalia, protists
extremophiles
archaeabacteria that have persisted in environments that are often extremely acidic, hot or salty
heterotrophic
most bacteria are heterotrophic, meaning that they derive their energy from organic molecules made by other organisms
decomposers
heterotrophic bacteria are decomposers because they feed on dead organic matter and release nutrients locked in dead tissue
autotrophic
bacteria that derive their energy from photosynthesis or the oxidation of inorganic molecules
fission
asexual reproduction of bacteria. cell DNA replicates and pinches in half.
conjugation
bacteria can exchange genetic material with other bacteria through this process which allows for diversity
unicellularity (prokaryotes vs eukaryotes)
all prokaryotes are single celled while eukaryotes are not
cell size(prokaryotes vs eukaryotes)
bacterial cells are way smaller than eukaryotic cells
chromosomes (prokaryotes vs eukaryotes)
prokaryotic DNA is one circle while eukaryotic DNA is sorted into chromosomes
cell division(prokaryotes vs eukaryotes)
bacteria use binary fission, eukaryotes use mitosis
internal compartmentalization(prokaryotes vs eukaryotes)
bacteria have no internal membranes
flagella(prokaryotes vs eukaryotes)
bacteria flagella are way more simplistic than eukaryotic flagella
metabolic diversity(prokaryotes vs eukaryotes)
prokaryotes have many more metabolic abilities that eukaryotes do not
pathogenic
bacteria that cause diseases
gram stain
a technique to classify bacteria based on the different structural and chemical compositions of bacterial cell walls
gram positive
have a thick cell wall that retains purple dye and is single membrane
gram negative
double membrane, turns red
nitrogen fixation
certain bacteria and cyanobacteria transform atmospheric nitrogen into other nitrogen compounds that can be used as nutrients by plants. this process uses an enzyme called nitrogenase, to take atmospheric oxygen and put it in liquid.
nodules
a result of nitrogen fixing bacterium growing with the roots
sensitivity plate
a Petri dish of solid medium that has been uniformly inoculated on its entire surface with a known bacterium or an unknown sample from an infected patient
cyanobacteria
major group of photosynthetic bacteria that grow in many environments. contains chlorophyll a, phycocyanin, phycoerythrin
chlorophyll a
green pigment
phycocyanin
blue accessory pigment
phycoerythrin
red accessory pigment
sheath
bacteria that grow as long filaments whose exterior is covered by a layer known as a sheath
shape of bacteria that is long and rod shaped
bacillus
spherical shape
coccus
spiral shape
spirillum
chemoautotroughs
an organism, typically a bacterium, which derives energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds. first form of life
pathogenic bacteria is killed by
antibiotics
bacteria are diploid or haploid
all haploid
when both cells benefit from relationship with each other
mutualism
IN MUTUALISM, where are the bacteria?
in the cells
a Petri dish of solid medium that has been uniformly inoculated on its entire surface with a known bacterium or an unknown sample from an infected patient LOOK AT PAGE 260
sensitivity plate
purpose of the sheath is?
protection
do adjacent cells share a sheath?
yes
bacteria make something as protection
make antibodies
SPECIAL nitrogen fixing cell
heterocyst- found on cyanobacteria
how to tell if a antibiotic is sucessfull
look at the sensitivity plate and figure out if it has a halo or no. no halo means not successful, halo means successful (not how large it is = more successful, that is only because of diffusion)
cyanobacteria
are green (photosynthetic)
- they have slime barrier so India ink can’t permeate
- most produce slime for protection
Colonial
- work together but can independently survive
in mutualism, what does the bacteria benefit
gets nutrient from host
in mutualism, what does the cell benefit
nitrogen supply from bacterium
oil immersion theory
the 100x ;ens has diffraction so you use oil (same Optical density) to stop this
how to do a gram stain
use crystal violet (or India ink), then grams iodine then remove with di water then use safranin-O
