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101PHILO (1) > Lesson 5.2: Methods of Philosophizing > Flashcards

Lesson 5.2: Methods of Philosophizing Flashcards

1
Q

methods of philosophizing

A

dialectic method; pragmatic method; phenomenological method; primary and secondary reflections; analytic method

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2
Q

the dialectic method was created by

A

socrates (greek philosopher)

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3
Q

This method involves asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and illuminate ideas.

A

dialectic method

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4
Q

Socrates used _____ to challenge and refine people’s understanding of concepts, leading them to realize their ignorance and correct mistakes.

A

disciplined conversation

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5
Q

who did the dialectic method infleunce

A

german philosopher Hegel

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6
Q

how did german philosopher Hegel use the dialectic method

A

adapted it into a process of evolving ideas (thesis, antithesis, synthesis)

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7
Q

To make philosophy practical by solving real-life problems, rather than just forming beliefs.

A

pragmatic method

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8
Q

who developed the pragmatic method

A

Charles S. Pierce and William James

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9
Q

when was the pragmatic method developed

A

19th century America

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10
Q

Pragmatists test ideas by

A

their practical outcomes–whether they solve problems or create success

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11
Q

To understand experiences without preconceived notions, focusing on how things appear to us.

A

phenomenological method

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12
Q

who created the phenomenological method

A

Edmund Husserl

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13
Q

when was the phenomenological method created

A

19th century

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14
Q

in the phenomenological method, husserl emphasized

A

setting aside biases to understand pure experience

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15
Q

the process of setting aside biases to understand pure experience

A

bracketing

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16
Q

This method focuses on how we experience things directly, without letting biases or preconceived notions get in the way.

A

phenomenological method

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17
Q

To explore the self and existence.

A

primary and secondary reflections

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18
Q

surface level understanding

A

primary reflection

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19
Q

deeper understanding that unites the self and the world

A

secondary reflection

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20
Q

primary and secondary reflections are linked to

A

existentialism

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21
Q

who influenced primary and secondary reflections

A

kierkegaard and nietzsche

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22
Q

To clarify language and thought, rather than creating new systems of ideas.

A

analytic method

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23
Q

Analyzes how words are used in different contexts, emphasizing that language follows specific rules, much like games.

A

analytic method

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24
Q

who developed the analytic method

A

Bertrand Russell; Ludwig Wittgenstein; George Edward Moore

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25
Q

errors in reasoning that undermine the logic of an argument

A

fallacies

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26
Q

types of fallacies

A

argumentum ad hominem; baculum; misericordiam; populum; tradition; ignorantiam; petitio principii; hasty generalization; post hoc ergo propter hoc; fallacy of composition; fallacy of division; fallacy of equivocation

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27
Q

Attacking the person instead of addressing the argument.

A

argumentum ad hominem

28
Q

argumentum ad hominem means

A

attacking the person

29
Q

Using threat or force to advance an argument.

A

argumentum ad baculum

30
Q

argumentum ad baculum means

A

appeal to force

31
Q

Using emotions such as pity to persuade someone.

A

Argumentum ad Misericordiam

32
Q

Argumentum ad Misericordiam means

A

appeal to pity

33
Q

Suggesting that something is true because it is popular.

A

Argumentum ad Populum

34
Q

Argumentum ad Populum is also known as

A

bandwagon fallacy

35
Q

Argumentum ad Populum means

A

appeal to the people

36
Q

Arguing that something is right because it has always been done that way.

A

Argumentum ad Tradition

37
Q

Argumentum ad Tradition means

A

appeal to tradition

38
Q

Claiming something is true because it hasn’t been proven false.

A

Argumentum ad Ignorantiam

39
Q

Argumentum ad Ignorantiam means

A

appeal to ignorance

40
Q

Assuming the conclusion within the premises

A

Petitio Principii

41
Q

Petitio Principii means

A

begging the question/circular reasoning

42
Q

Reaching a general conclusion based on insufficient evidence.

A

hasty generalization

43
Q

Assuming that because two events occur together, one caused the other.

A

Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

44
Q

Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc is also known as

A

cause and effect

45
Q

Assuming that what is true of a part is true of the whole.

A

fallacy of composition

46
Q

Assuming that what is true of the whole must be true of the parts.

A

fallacy of division

47
Q

Using a word in different contexts with different meanings to create a misleading argument.

A

fallacy of equivocation

48
Q

“How can we believe him when he talks about social distancing? He is a lawyer who is a liar.”

A

Argumentum ad Hominem

49
Q

“TV Patrol is the best news program on TV. If you don’t believe me, I won’t let you watch TV.”

A

Argumentum ad Baculum

50
Q

“Forgive me, officer. We don’t have food, so I had to go out. I didn’t violate the Bayanihan Act.”

A

Argumentum ad Misericordiam

51
Q

“I’m sure you want to have an iPhone. Almost 80% of your schoolmates are using it.”

A

Argumentum ad Populum

52
Q

“All of us in the family have been devout Catholics, so it is only right that you will be baptized as a Catholic.”

A

Argumentum ad Tradition

53
Q

“According to Zecharia Sitchin, Adam was the first test tube baby. Since nobody proves otherwise, it must be true.”

A

Argumentum ad Ignorantiam

54
Q

“God exists because the Bible says so. The Bible is inspired. Therefore, we know that God exists.”

A

Petitio Principii

55
Q

“Our neighbor who is a police officer was convicted of being a drug dealer, therefore, all police officers are drug dealers.”

A

Hasty Generalization

56
Q

“My teacher didn’t collect the homework two weeks in a row when my friend was absent. Therefore, my friend being absent is why my teacher didn’t collect the homework.”

A

Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc/Cause and Effect

57
Q

“You are a doctor, therefore you came from a family of doctors.”

A

Fallacy of Composition

58
Q

“Your family is smart, therefore you are smart.”

A

Fallacy of Division

59
Q

Humans walk by their legs. The table has legs. Therefore, the table walks by its legs.”

A

Fallacy of Equivocation

60
Q

a defection in an argument other than its having false premises.

A

fallacies

61
Q

To detect fallacies, it its required to

A

examine the arguments content

62
Q

is base from observations to make generalizations.

A

inductive reasoning

63
Q

draws conclusion from usually on broad judgement or definition and one more specific assertion

A

deductive reasoning

64
Q

It starts with a general statement and moves to a specific conclusion.

A

deductive reasoning

65
Q

It starts with specific observations and moves to a general conclusion.

A

inductive reasoning

66
Q

who promoted religious existentialism

A

Gabriel Marcel and Karl Jaspers

67
Q

who institutionalized pragmatism in american culture

A

john dewey

101PHILO (1) (11 decks)

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