Lesson 5.2: Methods of Philosophizing Flashcards
methods of philosophizing
dialectic method; pragmatic method; phenomenological method; primary and secondary reflections; analytic method
the dialectic method was created by
socrates (greek philosopher)
This method involves asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and illuminate ideas.
dialectic method
Socrates used _____ to challenge and refine people’s understanding of concepts, leading them to realize their ignorance and correct mistakes.
disciplined conversation
who did the dialectic method infleunce
german philosopher Hegel
how did german philosopher Hegel use the dialectic method
adapted it into a process of evolving ideas (thesis, antithesis, synthesis)
To make philosophy practical by solving real-life problems, rather than just forming beliefs.
pragmatic method
who developed the pragmatic method
Charles S. Pierce and William James
when was the pragmatic method developed
19th century America
Pragmatists test ideas by
their practical outcomes–whether they solve problems or create success
To understand experiences without preconceived notions, focusing on how things appear to us.
phenomenological method
who created the phenomenological method
Edmund Husserl
when was the phenomenological method created
19th century
in the phenomenological method, husserl emphasized
setting aside biases to understand pure experience
the process of setting aside biases to understand pure experience
bracketing
This method focuses on how we experience things directly, without letting biases or preconceived notions get in the way.
phenomenological method
To explore the self and existence.
primary and secondary reflections
surface level understanding
primary reflection
deeper understanding that unites the self and the world
secondary reflection
primary and secondary reflections are linked to
existentialism
who influenced primary and secondary reflections
kierkegaard and nietzsche
To clarify language and thought, rather than creating new systems of ideas.
analytic method
Analyzes how words are used in different contexts, emphasizing that language follows specific rules, much like games.
analytic method
who developed the analytic method
Bertrand Russell; Ludwig Wittgenstein; George Edward Moore
errors in reasoning that undermine the logic of an argument
fallacies
types of fallacies
argumentum ad hominem; baculum; misericordiam; populum; tradition; ignorantiam; petitio principii; hasty generalization; post hoc ergo propter hoc; fallacy of composition; fallacy of division; fallacy of equivocation
Attacking the person instead of addressing the argument.
argumentum ad hominem
argumentum ad hominem means
attacking the person
Using threat or force to advance an argument.
argumentum ad baculum
argumentum ad baculum means
appeal to force
Using emotions such as pity to persuade someone.
Argumentum ad Misericordiam
Argumentum ad Misericordiam means
appeal to pity
Suggesting that something is true because it is popular.
Argumentum ad Populum
Argumentum ad Populum is also known as
bandwagon fallacy
Argumentum ad Populum means
appeal to the people
Arguing that something is right because it has always been done that way.
Argumentum ad Tradition
Argumentum ad Tradition means
appeal to tradition
Claiming something is true because it hasn’t been proven false.
Argumentum ad Ignorantiam
Argumentum ad Ignorantiam means
appeal to ignorance
Assuming the conclusion within the premises
Petitio Principii
Petitio Principii means
begging the question/circular reasoning
Reaching a general conclusion based on insufficient evidence.
hasty generalization
Assuming that because two events occur together, one caused the other.
Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc
Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc is also known as
cause and effect
Assuming that what is true of a part is true of the whole.
fallacy of composition
Assuming that what is true of the whole must be true of the parts.
fallacy of division
Using a word in different contexts with different meanings to create a misleading argument.
fallacy of equivocation
“How can we believe him when he talks about social distancing? He is a lawyer who is a liar.”
Argumentum ad Hominem
“TV Patrol is the best news program on TV. If you don’t believe me, I won’t let you watch TV.”
Argumentum ad Baculum
“Forgive me, officer. We don’t have food, so I had to go out. I didn’t violate the Bayanihan Act.”
Argumentum ad Misericordiam
“I’m sure you want to have an iPhone. Almost 80% of your schoolmates are using it.”
Argumentum ad Populum
“All of us in the family have been devout Catholics, so it is only right that you will be baptized as a Catholic.”
Argumentum ad Tradition
“According to Zecharia Sitchin, Adam was the first test tube baby. Since nobody proves otherwise, it must be true.”
Argumentum ad Ignorantiam
“God exists because the Bible says so. The Bible is inspired. Therefore, we know that God exists.”
Petitio Principii
“Our neighbor who is a police officer was convicted of being a drug dealer, therefore, all police officers are drug dealers.”
Hasty Generalization
“My teacher didn’t collect the homework two weeks in a row when my friend was absent. Therefore, my friend being absent is why my teacher didn’t collect the homework.”
Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc/Cause and Effect
“You are a doctor, therefore you came from a family of doctors.”
Fallacy of Composition
“Your family is smart, therefore you are smart.”
Fallacy of Division
Humans walk by their legs. The table has legs. Therefore, the table walks by its legs.”
Fallacy of Equivocation
a defection in an argument other than its having false premises.
fallacies
To detect fallacies, it its required to
examine the arguments content
is base from observations to make generalizations.
inductive reasoning
draws conclusion from usually on broad judgement or definition and one more specific assertion
deductive reasoning
It starts with a general statement and moves to a specific conclusion.
deductive reasoning
It starts with specific observations and moves to a general conclusion.
inductive reasoning
who promoted religious existentialism
Gabriel Marcel and Karl Jaspers
who institutionalized pragmatism in american culture
john dewey
