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101UCSP > Lesson 4: Sociocultural Evolution > Flashcards

Lesson 4: Sociocultural Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

stages in the evolution of society

A

paleolithic → mesolithic → neolithic → metallic STAGE

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2
Q

paleolithic stage is also known as the

A

old stone age

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3
Q

mesolithic stage is also known as the

A

period of transitional culture

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4
Q

neolithic stage is also known as the

A

the polished stone age

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5
Q

men used unpolished & crude stones as tool implements

A

paleolithic stage

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6
Q

the first metal used as a tool for implements

A

copper

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7
Q

copper was the first metal used as a tool for implements

A

metallic stage

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8
Q

are theories of cultural
and social evolution that describe how cultures
and societies change over time.

A

sociocultural evolution

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9
Q

“the process by which structural
reorganization is affected through time, eventually
producing a form or structure which is qualitatively
different from the ancestral form

A

sociocultural evolution

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10
Q

defined societies in terms
of their technological sophistication.

A

sociologist Gerhard Lenski

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11
Q

year of sociologist Gerhard Lenski

A

1924

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12
Q

As a society
advances, so does

A

its use of technology

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13
Q

societies can be defined in terms of their

A

technological sophistication

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14
Q

2 theories of socio-cultural & political evolution

A

unilineal evolution and natural evolution theory

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15
Q

unilineal evolution theory was created by

A

Atty. Lewis Henry Morgan

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16
Q

where did Atty. Lewis Henry Morgan state unilineal evolution theory

A

his book The Ancient Society

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17
Q

natural evolution theory was created by

A

charles darwin

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18
Q

where did charles darwin state natural evolution theory

A

his book The Origin of Species & Descent in Man

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19
Q

holds that all human life passes through
different stages –from most primitive to
most civilized or human social organization
evolved through series of stages

A

unilineal evolution theory

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20
Q

7 stages of unilineal evolution theory

A

lower, middle, upper SAVAGERY; lower, middle, upper BARBARISM, civilized world

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21
Q

Organism compete with one another
over space, food, & other things for
survival, or avoid being eaten, resist
diseases or become parasites..

A

natural evolution theory

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22
Q

The species which are not fit for survival or not better adapted to environmental conditions die or eliminated.

A

natural selection process/ natural evolution theory

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23
Q

it holds that living things descended from simple forms of organisms and that man descended from apes

A

natural selection process/ natural evolution theory

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24
Q

struggle for existence and the elimination of the unfit

A

natural selection process/ natural evolution theory

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25
Q

the earliest form of society.

A

hunting and gathering societies

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26
Q

the members survive primarily by hunting, trapping, fishing, and gathering edible plants. The majority of the members’ time is spent looking for and gathering food.

A

hunting and gathering societies

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27
Q

what are the society’s primary institution in hunting and gathering societies

A

family

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28
Q

Family determines the

A

distribution of food and how to socialize children

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29
Q

societies in hunting and gathering societies are

A

small compared to others, with less than 50 members

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30
Q

Hunting and gathering societies are

A

nomadic

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31
Q

nomadic meaning

A

they move constantly in order to find food and water

32
Q

Members of hunting and gathering societies are

A

mutually dependent upon each other

33
Q

there is a _________ among the members of hunting and gathering societies

A

equal division of labor

34
Q

Although there is an equal division of labor among the members of hunting and gathering societies, there is a

A

division of labor based on sex

35
Q

in hunting and gathering societies, men are typically responsible for

A

hunting

36
Q

in hunting and gathering societies, women are typically

A

gatherers

37
Q

rely on the domestication of animals as a resource for survival.

A

pastoral societies

38
Q

groups were able to breed livestock for food,
clothing, and transportation, and they created a
surplus of goods.

A

pastoral societies

39
Q

pastoral societies are also known as

A

herding societies

40
Q

pastoral societies remained

A

nomadic

41
Q

why did pastoral societies remain nomadic

A

they were forced to follow their animals to fresh feeding grounds

42
Q

formed in areas where
rainfall and other conditions allowed them to grow stable crops.

A

horticultural societies

43
Q

They were similar to hunter gatherers in that they largely depended on the environment for survival, but since they didn’t have to abandon their location to follow resources, they were able to start permanent settlements. This created more stability and more material goods and became the basis for the first revolution in human survival.

A

horticultural societies

44
Q

relied on permanent tools for survival.
Farmers learned to rotate the types of crops grown on their
fields and to reuse waste products such as fertilizer, which
led to better harvests and bigger surpluses of food. New tools
for digging and harvesting were made of metal, human
settlements grew into towns and cities, and particularly
bountiful regions became centers of trade and commerce.

A

agricultural societies

45
Q

agricultural societies became referred to as the

A

dawn of civilization

46
Q

Craftspeople were able to support themselves
through the production of creative, decorative, or thoughtprovoking aesthetic objects and writings.

A

agricultural societies

47
Q

tasks that had until this point required months of labor became
achievable in a matter of days.

A

industrial society

48
Q

what began appearing everywhere in industry society

A

steam power

49
Q

people turned to textile mills that produced fabric quickly at a better
price and often with better quality.

A

industrial society

50
Q

farmers were able to purchase mechanical seeders and threshing
machines that caused agricultural productivity to soar.

A

industrial society

50
Q

Products such as paper and glass became available to the average
person, and the quality and accessibility of education and health care
soared.

A

industrial society

51
Q

Gas lights allowed increased visibility in the dark, and towns and
cities developed a nightlife.

A

industrial society

52
Q

societies based on the production of information and
services.

A

post-industrial societies

53
Q

post-industrial societies are also known as

A

digital or information SOCIETIES

54
Q

the steam engine of information societies and computer moguls such as Steve Jobs and Bill Gates D.

A

digital technology

55
Q

computer moguls include

A

steve jobs, bill gates

56
Q

members of a postindustrial society are likely to be employed as

A

sellers of services, software programmers, business consultants, producers of goods

57
Q

used water and steam power to mechanize production.

A

first industrial revolution

58
Q

used electric power to create mass production.

A

second industrial revolution

59
Q

used electronics and information technology to automate
production.

A

third industrial revolution

60
Q

the fourth industrial revolution is building on the

A

third

61
Q

the digital
revolution that has been occurring since the middle of the last century

A

fourth industrial revolution

62
Q

It is characterized by a fusion of technologies that is blurring the
lines between the physical, digital, and biological spheres.

A

fourth industrial revolutions

63
Q

is evolving at an exponential rather than a
linear pace

A

fourth industrial revolution

64
Q

have the potential to “robotize”
humanity and thus to deprive us of our heart and soul.

A

fourth industrial revolution

65
Q

are the manifestation of a culture or subculture, especially concerning the traditional and customary
practices of a particular ethnic or other cultural group.

A

cultural practices

66
Q

It plays an important role for a civilization and
character of its citizens and society.

A

cultural practices

67
Q

examples of cultural practices

A

religious, spiritual, medical treatment, culinary, housing/construction/childcare PRACTICES, forms of artistic expression

68
Q

refer to everyday practices and the
way these are typically and habitually performed in
a society. It shapes everyday life and are familiar to
all members of the community, even if not
everybody participates in them. They are relevant
to community and help reinforce a sense of identity
and continuity with the past.

A

social practices

69
Q

examples of social practices

A

local & regional festivals, thanksgiving, weddings

70
Q

are the
means by which societies distribute resources
and trade goods and services.

A

economic system or practices

71
Q

the economic system or practices is used to control the

A

five factors of production

72
Q

five factors of production includes the

A

labor, capital, entrepreneurs, physical, and information resources

73
Q

examples of economic system or practices

A

buy & sell activities; entrepreneurs operate to produce goods and supply goods; credits & investments; business firms

74
Q

a set of activities that are
associated with making decisions in groups, or
other forms of power relations to individuals
such as the distributions of resources.

A

political practices

75
Q

examples of political practices

A

formulation & implementation of public policy; providing public services; participation in election

101UCSP (8 decks)

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