Lesson 4: Sociocultural Evolution Flashcards
stages in the evolution of society
paleolithic → mesolithic → neolithic → metallic STAGE
paleolithic stage is also known as the
old stone age
mesolithic stage is also known as the
period of transitional culture
neolithic stage is also known as the
the polished stone age
men used unpolished & crude stones as tool implements
paleolithic stage
the first metal used as a tool for implements
copper
copper was the first metal used as a tool for implements
metallic stage
are theories of cultural
and social evolution that describe how cultures
and societies change over time.
sociocultural evolution
“the process by which structural
reorganization is affected through time, eventually
producing a form or structure which is qualitatively
different from the ancestral form
sociocultural evolution
defined societies in terms
of their technological sophistication.
sociologist Gerhard Lenski
year of sociologist Gerhard Lenski
1924
As a society
advances, so does
its use of technology
societies can be defined in terms of their
technological sophistication
2 theories of socio-cultural & political evolution
unilineal evolution and natural evolution theory
unilineal evolution theory was created by
Atty. Lewis Henry Morgan
where did Atty. Lewis Henry Morgan state unilineal evolution theory
his book The Ancient Society
natural evolution theory was created by
charles darwin
where did charles darwin state natural evolution theory
his book The Origin of Species & Descent in Man
holds that all human life passes through
different stages –from most primitive to
most civilized or human social organization
evolved through series of stages
unilineal evolution theory
7 stages of unilineal evolution theory
lower, middle, upper SAVAGERY; lower, middle, upper BARBARISM, civilized world
Organism compete with one another
over space, food, & other things for
survival, or avoid being eaten, resist
diseases or become parasites..
natural evolution theory
The species which are not fit for survival or not better adapted to environmental conditions die or eliminated.
natural selection process/ natural evolution theory
it holds that living things descended from simple forms of organisms and that man descended from apes
natural selection process/ natural evolution theory
struggle for existence and the elimination of the unfit
natural selection process/ natural evolution theory
the earliest form of society.
hunting and gathering societies
the members survive primarily by hunting, trapping, fishing, and gathering edible plants. The majority of the members’ time is spent looking for and gathering food.
hunting and gathering societies
what are the society’s primary institution in hunting and gathering societies
family
Family determines the
distribution of food and how to socialize children
societies in hunting and gathering societies are
small compared to others, with less than 50 members
Hunting and gathering societies are
nomadic
nomadic meaning
they move constantly in order to find food and water
Members of hunting and gathering societies are
mutually dependent upon each other
there is a _________ among the members of hunting and gathering societies
equal division of labor
Although there is an equal division of labor among the members of hunting and gathering societies, there is a
division of labor based on sex
in hunting and gathering societies, men are typically responsible for
hunting
in hunting and gathering societies, women are typically
gatherers
rely on the domestication of animals as a resource for survival.
pastoral societies
groups were able to breed livestock for food,
clothing, and transportation, and they created a
surplus of goods.
pastoral societies
pastoral societies are also known as
herding societies
pastoral societies remained
nomadic
why did pastoral societies remain nomadic
they were forced to follow their animals to fresh feeding grounds
formed in areas where
rainfall and other conditions allowed them to grow stable crops.
horticultural societies
They were similar to hunter gatherers in that they largely depended on the environment for survival, but since they didn’t have to abandon their location to follow resources, they were able to start permanent settlements. This created more stability and more material goods and became the basis for the first revolution in human survival.
horticultural societies
relied on permanent tools for survival.
Farmers learned to rotate the types of crops grown on their
fields and to reuse waste products such as fertilizer, which
led to better harvests and bigger surpluses of food. New tools
for digging and harvesting were made of metal, human
settlements grew into towns and cities, and particularly
bountiful regions became centers of trade and commerce.
agricultural societies
agricultural societies became referred to as the
dawn of civilization
Craftspeople were able to support themselves
through the production of creative, decorative, or thoughtprovoking aesthetic objects and writings.
agricultural societies
tasks that had until this point required months of labor became
achievable in a matter of days.
industrial society
what began appearing everywhere in industry society
steam power
people turned to textile mills that produced fabric quickly at a better
price and often with better quality.
industrial society
farmers were able to purchase mechanical seeders and threshing
machines that caused agricultural productivity to soar.
industrial society
Products such as paper and glass became available to the average
person, and the quality and accessibility of education and health care
soared.
industrial society
Gas lights allowed increased visibility in the dark, and towns and
cities developed a nightlife.
industrial society
societies based on the production of information and
services.
post-industrial societies
post-industrial societies are also known as
digital or information SOCIETIES
the steam engine of information societies and computer moguls such as Steve Jobs and Bill Gates D.
digital technology
computer moguls include
steve jobs, bill gates
members of a postindustrial society are likely to be employed as
sellers of services, software programmers, business consultants, producers of goods
used water and steam power to mechanize production.
first industrial revolution
used electric power to create mass production.
second industrial revolution
used electronics and information technology to automate
production.
third industrial revolution
the fourth industrial revolution is building on the
third
the digital
revolution that has been occurring since the middle of the last century
fourth industrial revolution
It is characterized by a fusion of technologies that is blurring the
lines between the physical, digital, and biological spheres.
fourth industrial revolutions
is evolving at an exponential rather than a
linear pace
fourth industrial revolution
have the potential to “robotize”
humanity and thus to deprive us of our heart and soul.
fourth industrial revolution
are the manifestation of a culture or subculture, especially concerning the traditional and customary
practices of a particular ethnic or other cultural group.
cultural practices
It plays an important role for a civilization and
character of its citizens and society.
cultural practices
examples of cultural practices
religious, spiritual, medical treatment, culinary, housing/construction/childcare PRACTICES, forms of artistic expression
refer to everyday practices and the
way these are typically and habitually performed in
a society. It shapes everyday life and are familiar to
all members of the community, even if not
everybody participates in them. They are relevant
to community and help reinforce a sense of identity
and continuity with the past.
social practices
examples of social practices
local & regional festivals, thanksgiving, weddings
are the
means by which societies distribute resources
and trade goods and services.
economic system or practices
the economic system or practices is used to control the
five factors of production
five factors of production includes the
labor, capital, entrepreneurs, physical, and information resources
examples of economic system or practices
buy & sell activities; entrepreneurs operate to produce goods and supply goods; credits & investments; business firms
a set of activities that are
associated with making decisions in groups, or
other forms of power relations to individuals
such as the distributions of resources.
political practices
examples of political practices
formulation & implementation of public policy; providing public services; participation in election
