Lesson 2.5: Concepts, Aspects, and Changes in Culture (MODULE)

Question 1

a complex whole which consist of knowledge, beliefs,
ideas, habits, attitudes, skills, abilities, values, norms, art, law, morals, customs, traditions, feelings and other capabilities of man which are acquired, learned and socially transmitted by man from one generation to another through language and living together as members of the society

Answer 1

definition of culture according to E.B. Taylor (1860s)

Question 2

a historically transmitted pattern of meanings embodied in symbols, a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic form by means of which men communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and attitudes towards life.

Answer 2

culture according to Clifford Geertz

Question 3

consists of learned systems of meaning, communicated by means of natural language and other symbol systems, having representational, directive, and affective functions, and capable of creating cultural entities and particular senses of reality.

Answer 3

culture according to Roy D’Andrade

Question 4

an extrasomatic (nongenetic,nonbodily), temporal continuumof things and events dependent upon symbols. Culture consists of tools,
implements, utensils, clothing, ornaments, customs, institutions, beliefs, rituals, games, works of art, language, etc.

Answer 4

culture according to Leslie White

Question 5

consists in the shared patterns of behavior and associated meanings that people learn and participate in within the groups to which they belong.

Answer 5

culture according to Whitten and Hunter

Question 6

e consists of whatever it is one has to know or believe in order to operate in a manner acceptable to its members

Answer 6

society’s culture according to Ward Goodenough

Question 7

an instrumental reality, and apparatus for the satisfactionof
the biological and derived need”. It is the integral whole consistingof
implements in consumers’ goods, of constitutional characters for the various social groupings, of human ideas and crafts, beliefs and custom

Answer 7

culture according to Malinowski

Question 8

in general as a descriptive concept means the accumulated treasury of human creation: books, paintings, buildings, and the like; the knowledge of ways of adjusting to our surroundings, both human and physical; language, customs, and systems of etiquette, ethics, religion and morals that have been built up through the ages.

Answer 8

culture according to Kluckhohn and Kelly

Question 9

refers to that part of the total setting [of human existence] whichincludes the material objects of human manufacture, techniques, social
orientations, points of view, and sanctioned ends that are the immediate conditioning factors underlying behavior or in simple terms it is the “man made part of the environment.

Answer 9

culture according to Herskovits

Question 10

the total socially acquired life-way or life-style of agroupof
people. It consists of the patterned, repetitive ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that are characteristic of the members of a particular society or segment of a society.

Answer 10

culture according to Harris

Question 11

everything that people have, thinks, and does as members of a society. This definition can be instructive because the three verbs correspond to the three major components of culture. That is, everything that people have refers to material possessions; everything that people think refers to those things they carry around in their heads, such as ideas, values, and attitudes; and everything that people do refers to behavior patterns. Thus all cultures comprise (a) material objects, (b)
ideas, values, and attitudes, and (c) patterned ways of behaving.

Answer 11

culture according to Gary Ferraro

Question 12

culture is a term used by

Answer 12

social scientists like anthropologists and sociologists

Question 13

simply refers to the way we understand ourselves both as individuals and as members of society, and includes stories, religion, media, rituals, and even language itself.

Answer 13

culture

Question 14

characteristics of culture from the perspective of sociologists

Answer 14

dynamic, flexible, and adaptive; shared and maybe challenged; learned through socialization or enculturation; patterned social interactions; transmitted through socialization or enculturation; requires language and other forms of communication

Question 15

characteristics of culture from the perspective of anthropologists

Answer 15

learned; symbolic; systematic and integrated; shared; encompassing

Question 16

elements of culture

Answer 16

symbols, language, technology, values, beliefs, norms

Question 17

refers to anything that is used to stand for something else

Answer 17

symbols

Question 18

It isanything that gives meaning to the culture.

Answer 18

symbols

Question 19

People who share a cultureoftenattach a specific meaning to an object, gesture, sound, or image

Answer 19

symbol

Question 20

known as the storehouse of culture

Answer 20

language

Question 21

It systemof words and symbols used to communicate with other people.

Answer 21

language

Question 22

refers to the application of knowledge and equipment toeasethe task of living and maintaining the environment

Answer 22

technology

Question 23

it includes artifacts, methods and devices created and used by people

Answer 23

technology

Question 24

culturally defined standards for what is good or desirable.

Answer 24

values

Question 25

determine how individuals will probably respond in any given circumstances.

Answer 25

values

Question 26

Members of the culture use the shared system of values to decide what is

Answer 26

good and bad

Question 27

the abstract concept of what isimportant and worthwhile

Answer 27

values

Question 28

What is consideredas good, proper and desirable, or bad, improper or undesirable inaculture

Answer 28

values

Question 29

It influence people’s behavior and serve as a benchmark for evaluating the actions of others.

Answer 29

values

Question 30

to the faith of an individual

Answer 30

beliefs

Question 31

conceptions or ideas of people have about what is true intheenvironment around them like what is life, how to value it andhowone’sbelied on the value of life relate with his or her interaction withothersandthe world.

Answer 31

beliefs

Question 32

These maybe based on common sense, folk wisdom, religion, science or a combination of all of these

Answer 32

beliefs

Question 33

specific rules/standards to guide for appropriate behavior

Answer 33

norms

Question 34

These are societal expectations that mandate specific behaviors in specific situations

Answer 34

norms

Question 35

those who violate norms

Answer 35

social deviants

Question 36

types of norms

Answer 36

proscriptive and prescriptive

Question 37

defines and tells us things not to do

Answer 37

proscriptive norms

Question 38

defines and tells us things to do

Answer 38

prescriptive norms

Question 39

forms of norms

Answer 39

folkways, mores, laws

Question 40

are also known as customs

Answer 40

folkways

Question 41

customary/repetitive ways of doing things

Answer 41

customs

Question 42

; they are forms of norms for everyday behavior that people follow for the sake of tradition or convenience.

Answer 42

folkways

Question 43

breaking folkways has

Answer 43

no serious consequences

Question 44

strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior; they are based on definitions of right and wrong

Answer 44

mores

Question 45

They are norms also but with moral under tones

Answer 45

mores

Question 46

controlled ethics and they are morally agreed, written down and enforced by an official law enforcement agency

Answer 46

laws

Question 47

They are institutionalized norms andmoresthat were enacted by the state to ensure stricter punishment inorder for the people to adhere to the standards set

Answer 47

laws

Question 48

two components of culture

Answer 48

material and non-material

Question 49

consists of tangible things

Answer 49

material culture

Question 50

It refers to the physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture.

Answer 50

material culture

Question 51

All of these physical aspects of a culture help to define its members' behaviors

Answer 51

material culture

Question 52

Everything that is created, produced, changed and utilized by men

Answer 52

material culture

Question 53

consists of intangible things

Answer 53

non-material culture

Question 54

refers to the nonphysical ideas that people have about their culture, including beliefs, values, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations, and institutions.

Answer 54

non-material culture

Question 55

categories of non-material culture

Answer 55

cognitive and normative

Question 56

includes ideas, concepts, philosophies, designs etc. that are product of mental or intellectual functioning and reasoning of the human mind.

Answer 56

cognitive non-material culture

Question 57

includes all expectations, standards and rules for human behaviour

Answer 57

normative non-material culture

Question 58

modes of acquiring culture

Answer 58

imitation, indoctrination/suggestion, conditioning

Question 59

Children and adults alike have the tendency to ___________ the values, attitudes, language and all other things in their social environment.

Answer 59

imitation

Question 60

Some of those things _______ are internalized in their personality and become a part of their attitude, character and other behavioral patterns

Answer 60

imitation

Question 61

- This may take the form of formal training or informal teaching. Formally, the person learns from school. Informally, he may acquire those behaviors from listening or watching, reading, attending training activities or through interaction.

Answer 61

indoctrination or suggestion

Question 62

- The values, beliefs, and attitudes of other people are acquired through

Answer 62

conditioning

Question 63

can be reinforced through reward and punishment.

Answer 63

conditioning

Question 64

methods of adaptating culture

Answer 64

parallelism, diffusion, convergence, fission, acculturation, assimilation, accommodation

Question 65

means that the same culture may take place in two or more different places

Answer 65

parallelism

Question 66

refers to those behavioral patterns that pass back and forth from one culture to another.

Answer 66

diffusion

Question 67

This is the transfer or spread of culture traits from one another brought about by change agents such as people or media

Answer 67

diffusion

Question 68

The domestication of dogs, cats, pigs and other animals

Answer 68

parallelism

Question 69

food and eating practices

Answer 69

diffusion

Question 70

marriage and wedding ceremonies

Answer 70

diffusion

Question 71

burial rituals

Answer 71

diffusion

Question 72

feast celebrations

Answer 72

diffusion

Question 73

takes place when two or more cultures are fused or merged into one culture making it different from the original culture.

Answer 73

convergence

Question 74

takes place when people break away from their original culture and start developing a different culture of their own

Answer 74

fission

Question 75

refers to the process wherein individuals incorporate the behavioral patterns of other cultures into their own either voluntarily or by force.

Answer 75

acculturation

Question 76

occurs through imitation, borrowing, or personal contact with other people.

Answer 76

voluntary acculturation

Question 77

occurs when the culture of a larger society is adopted by a smaller society, that smaller society assumes some of the culture of the larger society or cost society

Answer 77

assimilation

Question 78

occurs when the larger society and smaller society are able to respect and tolerate each other’s culture even if there is already a prolonged contact of each other’s culture.

Answer 78

accommodation

Question 79

causes of cultural change

Answer 79

discovery, invention, diffusion, colonization, rebellion and revolutionary movements

Question 80

the process of finding a new place or an object, artefact or anything that previously existed.

Answer 80

discovery

Question 81

implies a creative mental process of devising, creating and producing something new, novel or original; and also the utilization and combination of previously known elements to produce that an original or novel product.

Answer 81

invention

Question 82

the spread of cultural traits or social practices from a society or group to another belonging to the same society or to another through direct contact with each other and exposure to new forms.

Answer 82

diffusion

Question 83

social processes involved in diffusion

Answer 83

acculturation, assimilation, amalgamation, enculturation

Question 84

cultural borrowing and cultural imitation

Answer 84

acculturation

Question 85

the blending or fusion of two distinct cultures through long periods of interaction

Answer 85

assimilation

Question 86

the biological or hereditary fusion of members of different societies

Answer 86

amalgamation

Question 87

the deliberate infusion of a new culture to another

Answer 87

enculturation

Question 88

The Filipinos are said to be the best English-speaking people of Asia.

Answer 88

acculturation

Question 89

Americanization of Filipino immigrants to the US

Answer 89

assimilation

Question 90

Marriage between a Filipino and an American

Answer 90

amalgamation

Question 91

The teaching of American history and culture to the Filipinos during the early American Regime

Answer 91

enculturation

Question 92

refers to the political, social, and political policy of establishing a colony which would be subject to the rule or governance of the colonizing state.

Answer 92

colonization

Question 93

aim to change the whole social order and replace the leadership.

Answer 93

rebellion and revolutionary

Question 94

The challenge the existing folkways and mores, and propose a new scheme of norms, values and organization

Answer 94

rebellion and revolutionary

Question 95

a perception that arises from the fact that cultures differ and each culture defines reality differently.

Answer 95

ethnocentrism

Question 96

This happens when judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one’s own culture

Answer 96

ethnocentrism

Question 97

This is the tendency to see and evaluate other cultures in terms of one’s ownrace, nation or culture

Answer 97

ethnocentrism

Question 98

This is the feeling or belief that one’s culture is better than the rest.

Answer 98

ethnocentrism

Question 99

the opposite of ethnocentrism

Answer 99

xenocentrism

Question 100

the belief that one’s culture is inferior compared to others

Answer 100

xenocentrism

Question 101

People are highly influenced by the culture or many culture outside the realm of their society. This could be one of the effects of globalization

Answer 101

xenocentrism

Question 102

Exposure to cultural practices of others may make one individual or group of individuals to give preference to the ideas, lifestyle and productsof of other culture.

Answer 102

xenocentrism

Question 103

an attempt to judge behavior according to its cultural context

Answer 103

cultural relativism

Question 104

. It is a principle that an individual person’s beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual’s own culture.

Answer 104

cultural relativism

Question 105

This concept emphasizes the perspective that no culture is superior to any other culture

Answer 105

cultural relativism

Question 106

refers the differentiation of culture all over the world which means there is no right or wrong culture but there is appropriate culture for the need of a specific group of people.

Answer 106

cultural diversity

Question 107

e refers to a smaller group within a larger culture

Answer 107

sub-culture

Question 108

refers cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society

Answer 108

counterculture

Question 109

experienced when some parts of the society do not change as fast as with other parts and they are left behind

Answer 109

culture lag

Question 110

the inability to read meaning in one’s surroundings, feeling of lost and isolation, unsure to act as a consequence of being outside the symbolic web of culture that binds others.

Answer 110

culture shock

Question 111

refers to the social patterns mandated by cultural values and norms

Answer 111

ideal culture

Question 112

refers to the actual patterns that only approximate cultural expetations

Answer 112

real culture

Question 113

refers to the cultural patterns that distinguish a society’s elite

Answer 113

high culture

Question 114

refers to the cultural patterns that are widespread among a society’s population.

Answer 114

popular culture

Question 115

the manner by which culture evolves

Answer 115

culture change