Lesson 2.5: Concepts, Aspects, and Changes in Culture (MODULE)

Question 1

a complex whole which consist of knowledge, beliefs,
ideas, habits, attitudes, skills, abilities, values, norms, art, law, morals, customs, traditions, feelings and other capabilities of man which are acquired, learned and socially transmitted by man from one generation to another through language and living together as members of the society

Answer 1

definition of culture according to E.B. Taylor (1860s)

Question 2

a historically transmitted pattern of meanings embodied in symbols, a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic form by means of which men communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and attitudes towards life.

Answer 2

culture according to Clifford Geertz

Question 3

consists of learned systems of meaning, communicated by means of natural language and other symbol systems, having representational, directive, and affective functions, and capable of creating cultural entities and particular senses of reality.

Answer 3

culture according to Roy D’Andrade

Question 4

an extrasomatic (nongenetic,nonbodily), temporal continuumof things and events dependent upon symbols. Culture consists of tools,
implements, utensils, clothing, ornaments, customs, institutions, beliefs, rituals, games, works of art, language, etc.

Answer 4

culture according to Leslie White

Question 5

consists in the shared patterns of behavior and associated meanings that people learn and participate in within the groups to which they belong.

Answer 5

culture according to Whitten and Hunter

Question 6

e consists of whatever it is one has to know or believe in order to operate in a manner acceptable to its members

Answer 6

society’s culture according to Ward Goodenough

Question 7

an instrumental reality, and apparatus for the satisfactionof
the biological and derived need”. It is the integral whole consistingof
implements in consumers’ goods, of constitutional characters for the various social groupings, of human ideas and crafts, beliefs and custom

Answer 7

culture according to Malinowski

Question 8

in general as a descriptive concept means the accumulated treasury of human creation: books, paintings, buildings, and the like; the knowledge of ways of adjusting to our surroundings, both human and physical; language, customs, and systems of etiquette, ethics, religion and morals that have been built up through the ages.

Answer 8

culture according to Kluckhohn and Kelly

Question 9

refers to that part of the total setting [of human existence] whichincludes the material objects of human manufacture, techniques, social
orientations, points of view, and sanctioned ends that are the immediate conditioning factors underlying behavior or in simple terms it is the “man made part of the environment.

Answer 9

culture according to Herskovits

Question 10

the total socially acquired life-way or life-style of agroupof
people. It consists of the patterned, repetitive ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that are characteristic of the members of a particular society or segment of a society.

Answer 10

culture according to Harris

Question 11

everything that people have, thinks, and does as members of a society. This definition can be instructive because the three verbs correspond to the three major components of culture. That is, everything that people have refers to material possessions; everything that people think refers to those things they carry around in their heads, such as ideas, values, and attitudes; and everything that people do refers to behavior patterns. Thus all cultures comprise (a) material objects, (b)
ideas, values, and attitudes, and (c) patterned ways of behaving.

Answer 11

culture according to Gary Ferraro

Question 12

culture is a term used by

Answer 12

social scientists like anthropologists and sociologists

Question 13

simply refers to the way we understand ourselves both as individuals and as members of society, and includes stories, religion, media, rituals, and even language itself.

Answer 13

culture

Question 14

characteristics of culture from the perspective of sociologists

Answer 14

dynamic, flexible, and adaptive; shared and maybe challenged; learned through socialization or enculturation; patterned social interactions; transmitted through socialization or enculturation; requires language and other forms of communication

Question 15

characteristics of culture from the perspective of anthropologists

Answer 15

learned; symbolic; systematic and integrated; shared; encompassing