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101UCSP > Lesson 2.5: Concepts, Aspects, and Changes in Culture (MODULE) > Flashcards

Lesson 2.5: Concepts, Aspects, and Changes in Culture (MODULE) Flashcards

1
Q

a complex whole which consist of knowledge, beliefs,
ideas, habits, attitudes, skills, abilities, values, norms, art, law, morals, customs, traditions, feelings and other capabilities of man which are acquired, learned and socially transmitted by man from one generation to another through language and living together as members of the society

A

definition of culture according to E.B. Taylor (1860s)

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2
Q

a historically transmitted pattern of meanings embodied in symbols, a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic form by means of which men communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and attitudes towards life.

A

culture according to Clifford Geertz

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3
Q

consists of learned systems of meaning, communicated by means of natural language and other symbol systems, having representational, directive, and affective functions, and capable of creating cultural entities and particular senses of reality.

A

culture according to Roy D’Andrade

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4
Q

an extrasomatic (nongenetic,nonbodily), temporal continuumof things and events dependent upon symbols. Culture consists of tools,
implements, utensils, clothing, ornaments, customs, institutions, beliefs, rituals, games, works of art, language, etc.

A

culture according to Leslie White

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5
Q

consists in the shared patterns of behavior and associated meanings that people learn and participate in within the groups to which they belong.

A

culture according to Whitten and Hunter

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6
Q

e consists of whatever it is one has to know or believe in order to operate in a manner acceptable to its members

A

society’s culture according to Ward Goodenough

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7
Q

an instrumental reality, and apparatus for the satisfactionof
the biological and derived need”. It is the integral whole consistingof
implements in consumers’ goods, of constitutional characters for the various social groupings, of human ideas and crafts, beliefs and custom

A

culture according to Malinowski

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8
Q

in general as a descriptive concept means the accumulated treasury of human creation: books, paintings, buildings, and the like; the knowledge of ways of adjusting to our surroundings, both human and physical; language, customs, and systems of etiquette, ethics, religion and morals that have been built up through the ages.

A

culture according to Kluckhohn and Kelly

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9
Q

refers to that part of the total setting [of human existence] whichincludes the material objects of human manufacture, techniques, social
orientations, points of view, and sanctioned ends that are the immediate conditioning factors underlying behavior or in simple terms it is the “man made part of the environment.

A

culture according to Herskovits

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10
Q

the total socially acquired life-way or life-style of agroupof
people. It consists of the patterned, repetitive ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that are characteristic of the members of a particular society or segment of a society.

A

culture according to Harris

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11
Q

everything that people have, thinks, and does as members of a society. This definition can be instructive because the three verbs correspond to the three major components of culture. That is, everything that people have refers to material possessions; everything that people think refers to those things they carry around in their heads, such as ideas, values, and attitudes; and everything that people do refers to behavior patterns. Thus all cultures comprise (a) material objects, (b)
ideas, values, and attitudes, and (c) patterned ways of behaving.

A

culture according to Gary Ferraro

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12
Q

culture is a term used by

A

social scientists like anthropologists and sociologists

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13
Q

simply refers to the way we understand ourselves both as individuals and as members of society, and includes stories, religion, media, rituals, and even language itself.

A

culture

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14
Q

characteristics of culture from the perspective of sociologists

A

dynamic, flexible, and adaptive; shared and maybe challenged; learned through socialization or enculturation; patterned social interactions; transmitted through socialization or enculturation; requires language and other forms of communication

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15
Q

characteristics of culture from the perspective of anthropologists

A

learned; symbolic; systematic and integrated; shared; encompassing

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16
Q

elements of culture

A

symbols, language, technology, values, beliefs, norms

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17
Q

refers to anything that is used to stand for something else

A

symbols

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18
Q

It isanything that gives meaning to the culture.

A

symbols

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19
Q

People who share a cultureoftenattach a specific meaning to an object, gesture, sound, or image

A

symbol

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20
Q

known as the storehouse of culture

A

language

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21
Q

It systemof words and symbols used to communicate with other people.

A

language

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22
Q

refers to the application of knowledge and equipment toeasethe task of living and maintaining the environment

A

technology

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23
Q

it includes artifacts, methods and devices created and used by people

A

technology

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24
Q

culturally defined standards for what is good or desirable.

A

values

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25
Q

determine how individuals will probably respond in any given circumstances.

A

values

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26
Q

Members of the culture use the shared system of values to decide what is

A

good and bad

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27
Q

the abstract concept of what isimportant and worthwhile

A

values

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28
Q

What is consideredas good, proper and desirable, or bad, improper or undesirable inaculture

A

values

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29
Q

It influence people’s behavior and serve as a benchmark for evaluating the actions of others.

A

values

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30
Q

to the faith of an individual

A

beliefs

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31
Q

conceptions or ideas of people have about what is true intheenvironment around them like what is life, how to value it andhowone’sbelied on the value of life relate with his or her interaction withothersandthe world.

A

beliefs

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32
Q

These maybe based on common sense, folk wisdom, religion, science or a combination of all of these

A

beliefs

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33
Q

specific rules/standards to guide for appropriate behavior

A

norms

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34
Q

These are societal expectations that mandate specific behaviors in specific situations

A

norms

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35
Q

those who violate norms

A

social deviants

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36
Q

types of norms

A

proscriptive and prescriptive

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37
Q

defines and tells us things not to do

A

proscriptive norms

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38
Q

defines and tells us things to do

A

prescriptive norms

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39
Q

forms of norms

A

folkways, mores, laws

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40
Q

are also known as customs

A

folkways

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41
Q

customary/repetitive ways of doing things

A

customs

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42
Q

; they are forms of norms for everyday behavior that people follow for the sake of tradition or convenience.

A

folkways

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43
Q

breaking folkways has

A

no serious consequences

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44
Q

strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior;
they are based on definitions of right and wrong

A

mores

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45
Q

They are norms also but with moral under tones

A

mores

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46
Q

controlled ethics and they are morally agreed, written down and enforced by an official law enforcement agency

A

laws

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47
Q

They are institutionalized norms andmoresthat were enacted by the state to ensure stricter punishment inorder for the people to adhere to the standards set

A

laws

48
Q

two components of culture

A

material and non-material

49
Q

consists of tangible things

A

material culture

50
Q

It refers to the physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture.

A

material culture

51
Q

All of these physical
aspects of a culture help to define its members’ behaviors

A

material culture

52
Q

Everything that is created, produced, changed and utilized by men

A

material culture

53
Q

consists of intangible things

A

non-material culture

54
Q

refers to the nonphysical ideas that people have about their culture, including beliefs, values, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations, and institutions.

A

non-material culture

55
Q

categories of non-material culture

A

cognitive and normative

56
Q

includes ideas, concepts, philosophies, designs etc. that are product of mental or intellectual functioning and reasoning of the human mind.

A

cognitive non-material culture

57
Q

includes all expectations, standards and rules for human behaviour

A

normative non-material culture

58
Q

modes of acquiring culture

A

imitation, indoctrination/suggestion, conditioning

59
Q

Children and adults alike have the tendency to ___________ the values, attitudes, language and all other things in their social environment.

A

imitation

60
Q

Some of those things _______ are internalized in their personality and become a part of their attitude, character and other behavioral patterns

A

imitation

61
Q
  • This may take the form of formal training or informal teaching. Formally, the person learns from school. Informally, he may acquire those behaviors from listening or watching, reading, attending training activities or through interaction.
A

indoctrination or suggestion

62
Q
  • The values, beliefs, and attitudes of other people are acquired through
A

conditioning

63
Q

can be reinforced through reward and punishment.

A

conditioning

64
Q

methods of adaptating culture

A

parallelism, diffusion, convergence, fission, acculturation, assimilation, accommodation

65
Q

means that the same culture may take place in two or more different places

A

parallelism

66
Q

refers to those behavioral patterns that pass back and forth from one culture to another.

A

diffusion

67
Q

This is the transfer or spread of culture traits from one another brought about by change agents such as people or media

A

diffusion

68
Q

The domestication of dogs, cats, pigs and other animals

A

parallelism

69
Q

food and eating practices

A

diffusion

70
Q

marriage and wedding ceremonies

A

diffusion

71
Q

burial rituals

A

diffusion

72
Q

feast celebrations

A

diffusion

73
Q

takes place when two or more cultures are fused or merged into one culture making it different from the original culture.

A

convergence

74
Q

takes place when people break away from their original culture and start developing a different culture of their own

A

fission

75
Q

refers to the process wherein individuals incorporate the behavioral patterns of other cultures into their own either voluntarily or by force.

A

acculturation

76
Q

occurs through imitation, borrowing, or personal contact with other people.

A

voluntary acculturation

77
Q

occurs when the culture of a larger society is adopted by a smaller society, that smaller society assumes some of the culture of the larger society or cost society

A

assimilation

78
Q

occurs when the larger society and smaller society are able to respect and tolerate each other’s culture even if there is already a prolonged contact of each other’s culture.

A

accommodation

79
Q

causes of cultural change

A

discovery, invention, diffusion, colonization, rebellion and revolutionary movements

80
Q

the process of finding a new place or an object, artefact or anything that previously existed.

A

discovery

81
Q

implies a creative mental process of devising, creating and producing something new, novel or original; and also the utilization and combination of previously known elements to produce that an original or novel product.

A

invention

82
Q

the spread of cultural traits or social practices from a society or group to another belonging to the same society or to another through direct contact with each other and exposure to new forms.

A

diffusion

83
Q

social processes involved in diffusion

A

acculturation, assimilation, amalgamation, enculturation

84
Q

cultural borrowing and cultural imitation

A

acculturation

85
Q

the blending or fusion of two distinct cultures through long periods of interaction

A

assimilation

86
Q

the biological or hereditary fusion of members of
different societies

A

amalgamation

87
Q

the deliberate infusion of a new culture to another

A

enculturation

88
Q

The Filipinos are said to be the best English-speaking people of Asia.

A

acculturation

89
Q

Americanization of Filipino immigrants to the US

A

assimilation

90
Q

Marriage between a Filipino and an American

A

amalgamation

91
Q

The teaching of American history and culture to the Filipinos during the early American Regime

A

enculturation

92
Q

refers to the political, social, and political policy of establishing a colony which would be subject to the rule or governance of the colonizing state.

A

colonization

93
Q

aim to change the whole social
order and replace the leadership.

A

rebellion and revolutionary

94
Q

The challenge the existing folkways and mores, and propose a new scheme of norms, values and organization

A

rebellion and revolutionary

95
Q

a perception that arises from the fact that cultures differ and each culture defines reality differently.

A

ethnocentrism

96
Q

This happens when judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one’s own culture

A

ethnocentrism

97
Q

This is the tendency to see and evaluate other cultures in terms of one’s ownrace, nation or culture

A

ethnocentrism

98
Q

This is the feeling or belief that one’s culture is better than the rest.

A

ethnocentrism

99
Q

the opposite of ethnocentrism

A

xenocentrism

100
Q

the belief that one’s culture is inferior compared to others

A

xenocentrism

101
Q

People are highly influenced by the culture or many culture outside the realm of their society. This could be one of the effects of globalization

A

xenocentrism

102
Q

Exposure to cultural practices of others may make one individual
or group of individuals to give preference to the ideas, lifestyle and productsof of
other culture.

A

xenocentrism

103
Q

an attempt to judge behavior according to its cultural
context

A

cultural relativism

104
Q

. It is a principle that an individual person’s beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual’s own culture.

A

cultural relativism

105
Q

This concept emphasizes the perspective that no culture is superior to any other culture

A

cultural relativism

106
Q

refers the differentiation of culture all over the world which means there is no right or wrong culture but there is appropriate culture for the need of a specific group of people.

A

cultural diversity

107
Q

e refers to a smaller group within a larger culture

A

sub-culture

108
Q

refers cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society

A

counterculture

109
Q

experienced when some parts of the society do not change as fast as with other parts and they are left behind

A

culture lag

110
Q

the inability to read meaning in one’s surroundings, feeling of lost and isolation, unsure to act as a consequence of being outside the symbolic web of culture that binds others.

A

culture shock

111
Q

refers to the social patterns mandated by cultural values and norms

A

ideal culture

112
Q

refers to the actual patterns that only approximate cultural expetations

A

real culture

113
Q

refers to the cultural patterns that distinguish a society’s elite

A

high culture

114
Q

refers to the cultural patterns that are widespread among a society’s population.

A

popular culture

115
Q

the manner by which culture evolves

A

culture change

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