Lesson 3.7 - Syphilis Flashcards

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1
Q

Characteristics of Treponema spp.

[Gram, Shape, Motility, Aerotolerance, etc.]

A
  • Gram negative
  • Spirochete
  • High motile in viscous body fluids & collagen
    • Endoflagellum, corkscrew rotation
  • Microaerophilic or anaerobic
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2
Q

Where are Treponema spp. typically found?

A
  • Commensal or parasitic in humans & other animals
    • Periodontal disease
  • Rumen of ruminant animals
    • Aids in digestion
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3
Q

What is the agent of syphilis?

A

Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum

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4
Q

____ are the only known host for syphilis.

A
  • Humans
    • ​Very close as a true obligate parasite
      • Can’t grow in agar/broth
    • Cultured in rabbit epithelial cells
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5
Q

Can syphilis survive in nature outside of host?

A
  • HELL NAW
    • Easily killed by heat, disinfectants, soaps, dessication, & high [O2]
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6
Q

Gene characteristics of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum

A
  • 1000 genes
    • Reduced capacity to make precursors for AAs, carbs, and nucleotides
    • No genes for CAC & ETC
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7
Q

How was syphilis treated? What is its worldwide mortality?

A
  • Salvarsan arsenic salts [1912]
  • Estimated 100k
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8
Q

What is the ID50 of syphilis in a rabbit model?

A

Abt 10 cells

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9
Q

How does syphilis spread?

A
  • Primary sexual contact
    • Mucous membranes & dermal microabrasions (genitals, oral, anorectal)
  • Cross placenta (congenital)
  • RARE: via breast milk and blood tranfusions
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10
Q

Untreated syphilis may lead to _______ ______.

A
  • perinatal death
    • ​Infection acquired 4 years before pregnancy = infection of fetus
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11
Q

Primary stage [Syphilis]

A
  • 2-6 weeks after infection
    • Chancres (painless ulcer) & localized infection
      • Lips, fingers, genitals, oral cavity, rectum, nipple
    • Full of treponemes
  • Usually heals 3-6 weeks, but may last 1-3 months
    • Actively motile!!
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12
Q

Secondary stage [Syphilis]

A
  • 6 weeks after chancres heal
    • Red/brown rash
    • Palms and soles
    • Condylomata lata / condyloma latum
  • Can last 1 - 3 months
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13
Q

What is condylomata lata / condyloma latum?

A
  • Cutaenous condition
  • Painless, white, wart-like lesions on genitals, rectum, tongue
  • Highly infectious
  • THEY LOOK LIKE CAULIFLOWER doe
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14
Q

What occurs during latent syphilis?

A
  • Immune response reduce treponemes but doesn’t eliminate infection
    • Reside in many tissues w/o SS
  • Asymptomatic and unlikely transmission
    • Reactivation can occur after many years
    • Congenital syphilis still a possibility
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15
Q

Tertiary stage [Syphilis]

A
  • 20 years + after initial infection
    • Treponemes present, but not transmitted
    • Numerous pathological conditions
    • Cardiovascular syphilis & neurosyphilis
    • Gummas
  • Infected bones, joints, liver, eyes
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16
Q

What does neurosyphilis lead to?

A

paralysis, neurological damage, dementia

17
Q

What are gummas?

A

Soft tumorous mass

18
Q

Percentages of Congenital Syphilis

[Stillborn, survivors infected, subsequently die]

A
  • 40% stillborn
  • 40-70% survivors infected
  • 12% subsequently die
19
Q

What does congenital syphilis lead to?

A

Anemia, juandice, rhinorrhea, malformed organs, slow development, skeletal abnormalities, notched teeth

20
Q

Virulence factors of syphilis (6)

A
  • Capsule
  • Adhesions for extracellular matrix & fibronectin
  • Slow growth
  • Motile
  • Hyaluronidase
  • Antigenic variation

It doesn’t produce toxins/LPS!

CASH MA

21
Q

Antibiotic Susceptibility [Syphilis]

A
  • Standard treatment: penicillin (ß-lactam)
  • No documented resistance! WOO!
22
Q

In 2019, ___ of 3142 US counties/cities accounted for 1/2 of all reported cases of primary/secondary syphilis.

A

45

23
Q

Highest rates of primary and secondary syphilis were among men aged ______, ______, and ______.

A

25-29 (57.6), 30-34 (51.2), and 20-24 (45.2)

(per 100,000 males)

24
Q

Highest rates of suphilis among females were aged ____ and ____.

A

25-29 (11.8) and 20-24 (11.6)

(per 100,000 females)

25
Q

41.6% of syphilis cases were among ___________________

A

men who have sex with men only

26
Q

Highest rates of syphilis were observed among _____ men and ________ men. [Race/Ethnicity]

A

Black (53.5)

Native Hawaiian / Other Pacific Islander (35.9)

(per 100,000 males)

27
Q

Highest rates of syphilis were observed among _____ women and ________ women. [Race/Ethnicity]

A

American Indian/Alaska Native (15.4)

Black (10.2)

(per 100,000 females)

28
Q

During 2018-19, the rate of congenital syphilis increased ____%, concurrent with a ___% increase in syphilis among women aged 15-44.

A

41.4, 27.9

29
Q

During 2015-19, the rate of congenital syphilis increased _____%, and th rate of syphilis among women aged 15-44 increased ____%.

A

291.1, 171.9

30
Q

What are centers in NV for STD testing?

A

The Center, Planned Parenthood, SNHD Sexual Health Clinic