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Microbiology > Lesson 3.2 - Vaccines & Vaccination > Flashcards

Lesson 3.2 - Vaccines & Vaccination Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Parts of Chain of Transmission

A
  • Infectious agent
  • Reservoirs
  • Portal of exit
  • Means of transmission
  • Portal of entry
  • Susceptible host
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2
Q

How do vaccines work [simplified]?

A
  • Illicit immune response w/o causing disease to susceptible host
  • Stimulate B- & T- memory cell development
  • Prepare immune system to produce antibodies
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3
Q

Define immunization

A

Conferring immunity to a cellular pathogen, virus, toxin

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4
Q

Vaccination

A
  • Process of conferring immunity to communicable diseases
    • IV, intramuscular injection, oral suspension, nasal spray
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5
Q

Vaccine

A
  • Provides antigenic stimulus that doesn’t cause disease; induces immunological memory w/o disease
  • Latin for cow (Vacca)
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6
Q

Edward Jenner (1749-1823)

A
  • Vaccinated individuals with cowpox pus
    • Cowpox by Vaccinia virus
    • Smallpox by Variola virus
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7
Q

Vaccines introduced 1960-1970s

A

Polio, MMR

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8
Q

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)

A
  • Bacterial meningitis
  • Hearing loss / severe permanent neurologic sequelae
  • Hemiparalysis, seizure disorders, focal neurologic deficits, hearing/vision loss, impaired cognition
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9
Q

Define sequelae

A

condition which is the consequence of a previous disease / injury

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10
Q

[6*] Types of Vaccines

A
  • Attenuated / Hypovirulent Strains (live strains)
  • Dead whole cells / inactivated viruses
  • Purified antigen subunits from bacterial cell / viral capsid
  • Toxoids
  • mRNA
  • Adenovirus vector
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11
Q

Attenuated / Hypovirulent strains (vaccines)

A
  • Grown in tissue culture / eggs for many generations
  • Pathogen no longer able to replicate in humans
  • Antigens / epitopes persist
  • i.e. MMR vaccine
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12
Q

Dead whole cells or inactivated viruses (vaccines)

A
  • Heat, formalin, UV radiation, sound waves
  • Antigens / epitopes persist
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13
Q

Purified antigen subunits from bacterial cell / virus capsid (vaccines)

A
  • Surface antigen by rDNA technology
  • Gene for antigen expressed in yeast / bacteria
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14
Q

Toxoids (vaccines)

A

Inactive toxins

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15
Q

mRNA (vaccines)

A
  • mRNA within nano-sized lipid bubble; translated to a viral spike protein
  • Pfizer & Moderna
    • 2 immunizations; 21 days apart
    • Stored in freezer at -80ºC
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16
Q

Adenovirus vector (vaccine)

A
  • Disarmed cold virus with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein
  • J&J and Oxford-AstraZeneca
    • 1 immunization
    • Stored at 2-8°C
17
Q

Ideal vaccines

A
  • 100% safe and effective, lifelong immunity
  • Rapidly changing pathogens require frequent immunizations
    • Influenza versus measles
18
Q

Allergic reactions and ineligible populations (vaccines)

A
  • Allergic
    • Gelatin components or viruses in cultured eggs
  • Ineligible
    • Newborns, pregnancy, chemotherapy, immunocompromised, severe allergic reactions
19
Q

Vaccines with boosters

A
  • MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella)
    • 15 months & 4-6 years
  • DTaP (Diptheria, Tetanus, Pertussis)
    • 10 years
20
Q

Adjuvants

A
  • Bonded to antigens; slow release
  • Mineral oil, Al salts
  • Provokes inflammation (attracts macrophages)
21
Q

Conjugated vaccines

A

Weak antigen is covalently attached to strong antigen

22
Q

Primary & Secondary Response

A
  • Primary: 5-7 days
    • Memory B- and T- cells produced
  • Secondary: 1-2 days
    • Memory immune cell response
23
Q

IgA antibodies

A

Found in mucous, saliva, tears, and breast milks; protects against pathogens

24
Q

IgD antibodies

A

Part of B-cell receptor; activates basophils & mast cells

25
Q

IgE antibodies

A

Protects against parasitic worms; responsible for allergic rxns

26
Q

IgG antibodies (vaccine-related)

A

Secreted by plasma cells in blood; able to cross placenta into fetus

80% of all antibodies

27
Q

IgM antibodies (vaccine-related)

A

May be attached to B-cell surface / secreted into blood; responsible for early stages of immunity

(B-cell receptor on naive B-cells)

28
Q

Herd / Population/ Community Immunity

A
  • Indirect protection from infectious disease when majority of population is immune either through vaccination or previous infection
  • Ineligible individuals protected
    • Outbreaks occur when individuals opt out of lifestyle rzns or fear
29
Q

Basic reproductive rate or R-naught (R0)

A
  • Avg. # of people a single infected person can transmit disease to
  • “Spreadability” of disease
    • Sars-CoV-2 R0: 2.3 - 3.1
    • Measles R0: 14-18
30
Q

Measles (Rubeola) Characteristics

A
  • REFER TO IMAGE
  • Enveloped, non-segmented, (-) sense RNA virus
  • Rash (immune response), high fever, cough, runny nose, red/watery eyes
  • Virus remains active / contagious up to 2 hours
31
Q

Measles Complications

A
  • 1/3 patients suffer complications
    • 1/12 diarrhea
    • 1/20 bacterial pneumonia
    • 1-3/1000 encephalitis
    • 1-2/1000 death (increases to 25% in low-income countries)
32
Q

Measles before & after 1963 (Statistics)

A
  • Before
    • 3-4 million cases, avg. 450 deaths
    • Epidemic every 2-3 years
    • >50% by 6 y/o, 90% by 15
  • After
    • 98% cases decreased after vaccine (MMR)
      • Lifelong immunity
      • 1990s: fears of discredited claim of causing autism
      • 2000: eradicated, no domestic origin
        • Small # from unvaccinated travelers
33
Q

MMR Vaccine (Dosages)

A
  • Attenuated virus unable to grow in human cells generations later
  • 1st dose: 12-15 months, 95% effective
  • 2nd dose: 4-6 y/o, 99% effective
34
Q

2019 Measles Cases in U.S.

A

Refer to image.

Microbiology (17 decks)

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