🥂 • Lesson 2.8 : Organic Chemistry (Chem) Flashcards
This lesson will cover formulas and terminology in chemistry, naming organic compounds, all about fuels, alkanes, alkenes, alcohols and polymers.
What is a displayed formula?
A diagram showing all atoms and all bonds in a molecule.
What is a saturated compound?
A compound where all carbon–carbon bonds are single bonds.
What is an unsaturated compound?
A compound with one or more carbon–carbon double or triple bonds.
What is a homologous series?
A family of similar compounds with similar chemical properties.
What are the characteristics of a homologous series?
Same general formula and a trend in physical properties.
Name and imagine the drawing of the displayed formulas of methane and ethene.
Methane: CH₄ → one carbon, four hydrogens, all single bonds.
Ethene: C₂H₄ → two carbons, four hydrogens, one double bond between the carbons.
How can you tell the type of compound from the name ending?
-ane: Alkane (single bonds)
-ene: Alkene (double bond)
-ol: Alcohol (OH group)
Name the three fossil fuels.
Coal, natural gas, petroleum.
What is the main constituent of natural gas?
Methane (CH₄).
What are hydrocarbons?
Compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon.
What is petroleum?
A mixture of hydrocarbons.
How is petroleum separated into useful fractions?
By fractional distillation.
What is refinery gas used for?
For heating and cooking.
What is gasoline/petrol used for?
As fuel for cars.
What is naphtha used for?
As a chemical feedstock.
What is diesel oil/gas oil used for?
As fuel in diesel engines (ex. Some trains)
What is bitumen used for?
For making roads.
What is the kerosene fraction used for?
Fuel for jet planes.
What is the lubricating oil fraction used for?
Reducing friction in machinery.
How does chain length change from the bottom to the top of the fractionating column?
Chain length decreases.
How does boiling point change from the bottom to the top of the fractionating column?
Boiling point decreases.
What type of bonding is found in alkanes?
Single covalent bonds.
Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons?
Saturated hydrocarbons.
What is the main chemical property of alkanes?
They are generally unreactive, except for combustion.
What type of bonding is found in alkenes?
A double carbon–carbon covalent bond.
Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons?
Unsaturated hydrocarbons.
How can you distinguish between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons?
By reacting them with aqueous bromine — unsaturated hydrocarbons decolourise bromine water.
How are alkenes and hydrogen made from alkanes?
By cracking large alkane molecules at high temperature using a catalyst.
What happens when alkenes react with bromine?
The bromine water turns from orange to colorless, showing the alkene is unsaturated.
What happens when alkenes react with hydrogen?
They undergo an addition reaction to form alkanes, using a nickel catalyst.
What happens when alkenes react with steam?
They form alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst.
What are the products of the complete combustion of ethanol?
Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O).
What are two common uses of ethanol?
As a solvent or as a fuel.
What are polymers?
Large molecules made from many smaller repeating units called monomers.
How is poly(ethene) formed?
By the addition polymerisation of ethene monomers.
How can you identify the repeat unit in an addition polymer?
Look for a section of the polymer chain that repeats and comes from the original alkene monomer.
What is the difference between addition and condensation polymerisation?
Addition polymerisation uses only one type of monomer and forms no by-products,
Condensation polymerisation involves two different monomers and produces a small by-product (like water).
What is nylon and how is it structured?
Nylon is a polyamide made from two different monomers (a diamine and a dicarboxylic acid) that join to form long chains with amide (–CONH–) links.
What monomer is used to make poly(ethene)?
Ethene (C₂H₄).
What are some common uses of poly(ethene)?
Plastic bags, bottles, and packaging.
