🫧 • Lesson 2.1 : States of Matter and Atoms (Chem) Flashcards
This first chemistry deck will cover the basics; solids, liquids, gas, diffusion, elements, compounds and mixtures, atomic structure, isotopes, and the periodic table.
What are the properties of the states of matter?
Solids — Fixed shape, fixed volume.
Liquids — No fixed shape, fixed volume.
Gases — No fixed shape or volume.
How are the particles arranged in solids, liquids, and gases?
Solids — Particles close together, in a fixed pattern.
Liquids — Particles close but can move.
Gases — Particles far apart, move freely.
What happens during melting, boiling, and freezing?
Melting — Solid to liquid.
Boiling — Liquid to gas.
Freezing — Liquid to solid.
What happens during condensation and evaporation?
Condensing — Gas to liquid.
Evaporating — Liquid to gas (at surface).
How does temperature affect the state of matter?
Heating — Increases particle movement, causing phase change.
Cooling — Slows down particles, causing phase change.
What happens during heating and cooling curves?
Heating curve — Temperature stays constant during phase change.
Cooling curve — Temperature stays constant as it freezes or condenses.
How does temperature and pressure affect gas volume?
Higher temperature: Increases volume.
Higher pressure: Decreases volume.
What is diffusion?
Movement of particles from high to low concentration.
How does kinetic theory explain diffusion?
Particles move randomly and spread out in available space.
How does molecular mass affect diffusion?
Lighter gases diffuse faster than heavier gases.
What is the difference between elements, compounds, and mixtures?
Element — Made of one type of atom.
Compound — Two or more elements chemically bonded.
Mixture — Two or more substances not chemically bonded.
What is the structure of an atom?
Nucleus — Contains protons and neutrons.
Electrons — Orbit around the nucleus in shells.
What is the relative charge and mass of a proton?
Charge: +1
Mass: 1
What is the relative charge and mass of a neutron?
Charge: 0
Mass: 1
What is the relative charge and mass of an electron?
Charge: -1
Mass: Very small
What is the proton number/atomic number?
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
What is the mass number/nucleon number?
The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
How do you determine the electronic configuration of elements with proton numbers 1-20?
Follow the order: 2, 8, 8, and then 2 for elements 1-20.
What are the characteristics of Group VIII (8) noble gases?
They have a full outer shell of electrons.
How are the number of outer-shell electrons related to the group number?
The number of outer-shell electrons is equal to the group number in Groups I to VII.
How are the number of occupied electron shells related to the period number?
The number of occupied electron shells is equal to the period number.
What are isotopes?
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
Why do isotopes of the same element have the same chemical properties?
They have the same number of electrons and the same electronic configuration.
What does the symbol for an atom represent?
The symbol represents the element, with the atomic number as the subscript and the mass number as the superscript.
