👣 • Lesson 1.6 : Coordination, Response, Hormones and Drugs (Bio) Flashcards
After this deck, you will have mastered the roles of the nervous systems, coordination and response, drugs, reflexes, as well as hormones and their functions in the body.
How do electrical impulses travel in the nervous system?
Electrical impulses travel along neurones to transmit signals throughout the body.
What makes up the central nervous system (CNS)?
The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.
What makes up the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
The PNS consists of the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord.
What is the role of the nervous system?
The nervous system coordinates and regulates body functions.
What are the different types of neurones?
The types of neurones are sensory, relay, and motor neurones.
What is the path of a simple reflex arc?
The simple reflex arc involves:
Receptor → Sensory neurone → Relay neurone → Motor neurone → Effector.
What is a reflex action?
A reflex action is an automatic and rapid response to a stimulus, coordinating stimuli with responses from effectors (muscles and glands).
What are sense organs and their function?
Sense organs are groups of receptor cells that respond to specific stimuli like:
Light, Sound, Touch, Temperature, and Chemicals.
What is a hormone and its role?
A hormone is a chemical substance produced by a gland and carried by the blood to alter the activity of specific target organs.
Which hormone is secreted by the pancreas?
Glucagon, or Insulin is secreted by the pancreas.
What are the effects of adrenaline during ‘fight or flight’?
Adrenaline increases:
— Breathing rate,
— Heart rate,
— Pupil diameter,
What hormone do the testes secrete?
The testes secrete testosterone.
What hormone do the adrenal glands secrete?
The adrenal glands secrete adrenaline.
What hormone do the ovaries secrete?
The ovaries secrete oestrogen.
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment in the body.
How does negative feedback help maintain homeostasis?
Negative feedback keeps conditions stable by reversing changes when they move away from a set point (e.g., if blood sugar is too high, insulin lowers it).
What structures in the skin help regulate body temperature?
Key structures:
Hairs & hair erector muscles, Sweat glands, Receptors & sensory neurones, Blood vessels, Fatty tissue (insulation).
How does the body regulate temperature?
Mechanisms include:
Insulation (fat & hair trap heat),
Sweating (cools the body),
Shivering (warms the body),
The brain (detects & controls changes).
What is vasodilation and how does it help regulate temperature?
Vasodilation is the widening of arterioles near the skin, allowing more blood to flow to the surface, increasing heat loss and cooling the body.
What is vasoconstriction and how does it help regulate temperature?
Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of arterioles near the skin, reducing blood flow to the surface, decreasing heat loss and keeping the body warm.
What is a drug?
A drug is any substance taken into the body that modifies or affects chemical reactions in the body.
What do antibiotics do?
Antibiotics are used to kill bacteria and treat bacterial infections. They do not affect viruses.
What is antibiotic resistance?
Some bacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics, making the treatment less effective.
How can we reduce antibiotic resistance?
Using antibiotics only when necessary helps slow down the development of resistant bacteria like MRSA.
