💞 • Lesson 1.7 : Reproduction in Humans and Plants (Bio) Flashcards
After this lesson, you will have full knowledge about asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, flower traits, human reproductive organs, and STDs.
What is asexual reproduction?
Asexual reproduction is a process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent.
What is a Species?
A group of organisms that can reproduce and have fertile offspring.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction?
- Advantages: Fast, no need for a mate, large number of offspring.
- Disadvantages: No genetic variation, vulnerable to disease.
Advantages and disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction?
Advantages: Genetic variation, adaptability.
Disadvantages: Slower, requires a mate.
What is the difference between haploid and diploid nuclei?
Gametes have haploid nuclei; a zygote has a diploid nucleus.
What is pollination?
Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma.
When does fertilisation of a plant occur?
It occurs when a pollen nucleus fuses with a nucleus in an ovule.
What conditions are needed for seed germination?
Water, oxygen, and a suitable temperature.
What are the parts of an insect-pollinated flower?
Sepals, petals, stamens (filament + anther), carpels (style, stigma, ovary, ovules).
How are insect-pollinated flowers adapted?
Bright petals, scent, nectar, and sticky pollen for insect attraction.
How are wind-pollinated flowers adapted?
Small petals, no scent, lots of light, smooth pollen, and long filaments for wind dispersal.
How are the anthers and stigmas of wind-pollinated flowers adapted?
Anthers are large and exposed to release pollen easily.
Stigmas are feathery and hang outside the flower to catch pollen from the air.
What is the function of the testes in the male reproductive system?
Produce sperm and testosterone.
What is the function of the scrotum in the male reproductive system?
Keeps testes at the right temperature for sperm production.
What is the function of the sperm ducts in the male reproductive system?
Carry sperm from the testes to the urethra.
What is the function of the prostate gland in the male reproductive system?
Adds fluid to sperm to form semen.
What is the function of the urethra in the male reproductive system?
Carries semen and urine out of the body.
What is the function of the penis in the male reproductive system?
Delivers sperm into the female reproductive system.
What is the function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?
Produce eggs and hormones (oestrogen and progesterone).
What is the function of the oviducts in the female reproductive system?
Carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus; where fertilisation occurs.
What is the function of the uterus in the female reproductive system?
Houses and nourishes the developing fetus.
What is the function of the cervix in the female reproductive system?
Opens to allow sperm to enter the uterus and to birth the baby.
What is the function of the vagina in the female reproductive system?
Receives sperm and acts as the birth canal.
What is fertilisation?
Fertilisation is the fusion of the nuclei from a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg cell).
What are the adaptive features of sperm?
Flagellum for movement, mitochondria for energy, enzymes in the acrosome to break into the egg.
What are the adaptive features of egg cells?
Energy stores for the developing embryo, jelly coat that changes after fertilisation to prevent more sperm entry.
How do male and female gametes compare in terms of size, structure, motility, and numbers?
Male gametes (sperm) are small, motile, and produced in large numbers.
Female gametes (eggs) are large, immobile, and produced in fewer numbers.
What are the roles of testosterone and oestrogen in puberty?
Testosterone promotes male secondary sexual characteristics.
Oestrogen promotes female secondary sexual characteristics.
How does the menstrual cycle work?
It involves changes in the ovaries (egg release) and the uterus lining (thickens for potential pregnancy).
What is a sexually transmitted infection (STI)?
An infection that is transmitted through sexual contact.
What is HIV?
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a pathogen that causes a sexually transmitted infection (STI).
What can HIV infection lead to?
HIV infection may lead to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome).
How is HIV transmitted?
HIV is transmitted through sexual contact, blood, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding.
How can the spread of STIs be controlled?
The spread of STIs can be controlled by using protection (ex. condoms), getting tested regularly, and limiting the number of sexual partners.
