Lesson 23 (Part 3)

Question 1

What will a good sonographer do?

Answer 1

They will analyze the spectral display in conjunction with the colour and grayscale information to assess for normal blood flow and pathology

Question 2

What signals do arteries have? (2)

Answer 2

1. They are pulsatile

2. They have higher velocity waveforms

Question 3

What signals do arteries have? (2)

Answer 3

1. They are phasic

2. Lower velocity waveforms

Question 4

What do we asses when analyzing waveforms? (4)

Answer 4

1. Arterial vs Venous Signals
2. High vs Low resistance flow
3. Areas of stenosis
4. Pre (proximal)/post (distal) stenosis waveforms

Question 5

What is being looked at in resistance flow? (2)

Answer 5

1. Systolic portions

2. Diastolic portions

Question 6

What does high resistance show? (5)

Answer 6

1. ECA, extremities
2. Quick upstroke
3. Low diastole
4. Negative flow
   - below the baseline
5. More echoic

Question 7

What does low resistance show? (7)

Answer 7

1. ICA/CCA, blood hungry organs (liver, renals, etc.)
2. Vasodilation
3. Slow upstroke
4. Higher diastole
5. Positive flow
   - above the baseline
6. Appears more faint
7. No reversal flow

Question 8

Where is an example where you would see low resistance?

Answer 8

The brain

Question 9

What is the formula for the continuity rule?

Answer 9

Q = V ave x A

Question 10

What happens to area in areas of stenosis?

Answer 10

It decreases

- gets more narrow

Question 11

What happens to velocity in areas of stenosis?

Answer 11

It increases

- higher pressure

Question 12

Turbulence

Answer 12

Surpassing Reynolds number

Question 13

Stenosis

Answer 13

High velocities relative to stenosis (potential for aliasing)

Question 14

What does stenosis have a potential for?

Answer 14

Aliasing

Question 15

What is spectral broadening related to?

Answer 15

Turbulence

Question 16

Spectral broadening

Answer 16

Wider range of spectra

Question 17

What does spectral broadening allow? (2)

Answer 17

1. More “variety” of shifts

2. Narrowing of windows

Question 18

What is the most obvious reason for spectral broadening?

Answer 18

Stenosis

- but can also be that you are a bad sonographer

Question 19

What errors that can be conducted in spectral broadening? (2)

Answer 19

1. Increase gain
   - too much
2. Increase sample volume size
   - catching multiple vessels at once

Question 20

What can tortuous vessels give you?

Answer 20

Larger variety of signals

Question 21

What are downstream clues?

Answer 21

Increased resistance

- looks like an ECA

Question 22

What are upstream clues?

Answer 22

1. Tardus Parvus waveform

2. Monophasic waveform

Question 23

What does upstream clues suggest?

Answer 23

Proximal stenosis

Question 24

What does downstream clues suggest?

Answer 24

Possible distal stenosis

Question 25

Tardus Parvus waveform (2)

Answer 25

1. Everything is filled in the graph (cant differentiate between waves)
2. Very slow, rounded waveform

Question 26

Monophasic waveform

Answer 26

Individual waves are filled in

Question 27

What does monophasic waveforms suggest?

Answer 27

Possible stenosis

Question 28

What is an example of quantitative index?

Answer 28

Acceleration time

Question 29

What does acceleration tie suggest?

Answer 29

Resistance

Question 30

What can acceleration time show?

Answer 30

Tardus Parvus

- AT > 0.07s