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Module 4 - Biology > Lesson 2 - The five kingdoms > Flashcards

Lesson 2 - The five kingdoms Flashcards

1
Q

What were the original 2 kingdoms?

A

Plants and animals

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2
Q

What did the animal kingdom include? Aristole

A

Every living creature that moved, ate and grew

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3
Q

What discoveries critiqued the 2 kindgoms system?

A
  • The invention of the microscope. Bacteria could be seen
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4
Q

What were the 5 kingdoms

A

Prokaryota (bacteria)
Protocista (the unicellular eukaryotes)
Fungi (yeast, moulds, mushrooms)
Plantae (plants)
Animalia (animals)

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5
Q

What of the original 5 kingdoms were prokaryotes

A

Prokaryotae

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6
Q

Prokaryote features

A
  • Unicellular
  • No nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles (a ring of ‘naked’ DNA and small ribosomes)
  • No visible feeding mechanism (nutrients are absorbed through the cell wall or produced internally by photosynthesis
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7
Q

Examples of prokaryotae?

A
  • Esherichia coli
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Bacillus anthracis
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8
Q

Protoctista features

A
  • (mainly) unicellular
  • A nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
  • have some chloroplasts
  • Some are sessile, others move by cilia, flagella or amoeboid mechanisms
  • Nutrients are acquired by photosynthesis (autotrophic feeders), ingestion of other animals (heterotrophic feeders), or both
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9
Q

Protocista examples

A
  • Paramecium
  • Amoeba
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10
Q

Heterotrophic feeders

A

Ingestion of other animals for nutrients

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11
Q

Autotrophic feeders

A

Nutrients acquired by photosynthesis

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12
Q

Fungi features

A
  • Unicellular or multicellular
  • A nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles and a cell wall mainly composed of chitin
  • No chloroplasts or chlorophyll
  • No mechanisms for locomotion
  • Most have a body or mycelium made of threads or hyphae
  • Nutrients are acquired by absorption - mainly from decaying material - they are saprophytic feeders - some are parasitic
  • Most store their food as glycogen
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13
Q

Plantae features

A
  • Multicellular
  • Nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles including chloroplasts and a cell wall mainly composed of cellulose
  • All contain chlorophyll
  • Most do not move, although gametes of some plants move using cilia or flagella
  • nutrients are acquired by photosynthesis - they are autotrophic feeders - organisms that make their own food
  • store food as starch
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14
Q

Examples of plantae?

A

Flowering plants, such as roses, trees such as oak and grasses

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15
Q

Animalia features

A
  • Multicellular
  • Nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles (no cell walls)
  • No chloroplasts
  • Move with the aid of cilia, flagella or contractile proteins (sometimes in the form of muscular organs.
  • Nutrients are acquired by ingestion (heterotrophic feeders)
  • Food stored as glycogen
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16
Q

An example of a protein that has changed shape?

A

Haemoglobin.

Haemoglobin in humans differs from haemoglobin in chimpanzees in only one amino acid, gorillas in 3 amino acids, gibbons in 8 amino acids.

17
Q

What is the current classification system?

A

‘Three Domain System’ - Proposed by Carl Woese
(Domain was originally called kingdom so that there were two)

18
Q

How did Woese group organisms?

A

Using differences in the sequences of nucleotides in the cells’ ribosomal RNA (rRNA) as well as the cells’ membrane lipid structure and their sensitivity to antibiotics.

19
Q

Woese’s classification of Eukarya?

A

80s ribosomes.
- RNA polymerase contains 12 proteins

20
Q

Woese’s classification of Archaea?

A

Contains 70s ribosomes
- RNA polymerase of different organisms contains between eight and 10 proteins and is very similar to eukaryotic ribosome

21
Q

Woese’s classification of Bacteria?

A

70s ribosomes
- RNA polymerase contains 5 proteins

22
Q

How is the chemical make-up of Archaebacteria and Eubacteria different?

A

Eubacteria contain peptidoglycan (polymer of sugars and amino acids) in their cell wall whereas Archaebacteria do not.

23
Q

Examples of conditions Archaebacteria can live in?

A
  • Hot thermal vents
  • Anaerobic conditions
  • Highly acidic environments

Methanogens live in sewage treatment plants and make methane

Module 4 - Biology (2 decks)

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