lesson 14 - genetic engineering Flashcards
The word gene comes from the Greek words _______ ‘breed, kind’ and _________ ‘descent, origin’.
genea; genesis
_________ is the science that deals with the interaction of the genes in producing similarities and differences between individuals related by descent.
Genetics
The essence of _____________, on the other hand, is design; for ______________ is the “art and science that is concerned with the practical application of scientific knowledge, as in the design, construction, and operation of rocks, bridges, harbors, buildings, etc.
engineering; engineering
________________ means direct intervention in the genetic make-up of a living being, the replacement of genes or the addition of new genes to the genetic code’ or blueprint’ of an organism.
Every living being is composed of cells. The nucleus of a single cell contains structures called ____________.
chromosomes
Every human being usually has _____ pairs of ____ single chromosomes.
23; 46
A sperm and an ovum (human germ cells) have ___ chromosomes each.
23
Their fusion in fertilization results in a zygote with 46 chromosomes. Of these 46 chromosomes, 44 are “_____________” and 2 determine an individual’s sex.
carriers of character
The crush of ____________ lie in the ability of the technologist to manipulate, splice, slice, and replace the basic structural compounds of DNA and their direct genetic change. This is why GE is often called human intervention in the biological processes
recombinant DNA technology
It refers to biochemical studies or chromosomal analysis for purposes of detecting genetically caused diseases.
Genetic Testing
Such testing is currently employed to detect the carriers of recessive disorders, such as the __________ disease which leads to the gradual debilitation and death of afflicted infants before the age of five.
Tay Sachs disease
Such testing is currently employed to detect the carriers of recessive disorders, such as the Tay Sachs disease which leads to the ____________ and death of afflicted infants before the age of five.
gradual debilitation
how many genetically-related disorders have been identified because of GT?
2,300
If diagnosed early, this genetically-based “____________” can be controlled by means of a special diet.
inborn error of metabolism
If diagnosed early, this genetically-based “inborn error of metabolism” can be controlled by means of a __________
special diet.
Individuals who may be found to be “___________” of recessive conditions or any genetically-related disorders may opt for sterilization or other forms of contraception in order to prevent the transmission of their genes, and the birth of children with recessive disorders
carriers
the sampling of amniotic fluid using a hollow needle inserted into the uterus, to screen for developmental abnormalities in a fetus.
Amniocentesis
Another new prenatal procedure is __________
fetoscope
An ______________ for visual examination of the pregnant uterus.
endoscope
An endoscope for visual examination of the __________ uterus.
pregnant
Its main purpose is to screen, choose or select the genes for proper detection of any genetic disease and other chromosomal activities/ malformities
Genetic Screening
Its main purpose is to screen, choose or select individuals who are clinically well can be screened to determine whether they are carriers of recessive defective genes of certain genetic diseases
genetic screening
in Genetic Intervention one can “____” (therapy), “_____” (surgery) and “______” (recombine), hence recombinant (DNA) and “repair” genes in order to redesign (engineering) then for one‟s own ends.
cure; slice; splice
It might prevent certain birth defects like spina bifida.
Genetic Intervention
In vitro means fertilization “__________,” as opposed to fertilization in utero, i.e., “__________.
within a glass; within the uterus
Also known as “laboratory fertilization”; “test-tube
fertilization”
In Vitro Fetilization
And sometimes referred as “procreation without sex” or “baby- making without love making.
In Vitro Fetilization
The process of IVF is by means of a technique called _____________
laparoscopy
The first such baby, conceived “without love making,” was ___________ born on __________ in England.
Louise Joy Brown; July 25, 1978
In the medical context, the IVF technique is done to overcome ____________ due to obstruction of the fallopian tubes, which prevents the ovum from passing through the oviduct (tube) where it meets the sperm and then descends to the uterus for burrowing.
female sterility
An ovum is removed from the woman’s ovary by laparoscopy, and when the fertilized ovum or embryo is cultured, it will “transferred” to the uterine cavity for burrowing.
Embryo Transfer
As stated under the moral issue of artificial insemination by donor, embryo transfer is related to ______________
ovum donor treatment
Recently, a new technique to clear blocked fallopian tubes has been discovered. This procedure, known as ______________, is much easier and cheaper than IVF and ET.
transcervical balloon tuboplasty (TBT)
“_____________” means substitute, from the Latin surrogatus “in place of another.‟
Surrogate
It‟s a biomedical technique whereby a fertilized ovum is implanted into the uterus of another woman who will carry the baby to term either as a favor or for a fee.
Surrogate Motherhood
This procedure is often referred to as the “___________,” “__________” or “_________” business.
womb for hire; rent a womb; uterus for rent
Calvert – Johnson case in 1989
Surrogate Motherhood
In 1897, __________, a 42 – year old mother is the first American woman to give birth to her daughter’s children
Mrs. Arlette Schweitzer
The possibility of replacing deceased organs with those taken from animals or from other human beings and there are 4 kinds of transplantation:
organic transplant
4 kinds of transplantation:
1) Autograft
2) Homograft
3) Heterograft
4) Isograft
The transplantation of an organ within the same individual is called ___________.
Autograft
The transplantation of an organ from one individual to another of the same species is called ___________.
homograft
On the other-hand the transplantation of organs between individual of different species or animals Is called ____________
heterograft
While an ___________ is a transplantation between two genetically- identical persons
isograft
two kinds of Sex change operations:
- from male to female
- from female to male.
_______________ is the testicles are removed and an artificial vagina is constructed using parts of the penis, the breast is Enlarge with silicone implants and the Adam‟s apple reduced in size.
Male to female operation
____________ the uterus and the ovaries are removed the breast reduce in size and the artificial penis is stimulated. Both males and females are given sex hormones to develop the appropriate secondary sex characteristics
Female to male surgical operation
The root word “________” In Greek means “TWIG”.
CLONE
It arose from the practice of cutting a plant stuck in the soil in which the cut “TWIG” portion is able to grow into a new plant of the same genetic composition.
Clone
A _______ is an identical duplicate
clone
______________ is a technological process whereby an identical duplicate of an organism is produced by replacing the nucleus of an unfertilized ovum (oocyte) with the nucleus of a body of the organism.
Cloning
______________ the freezing and preservation of sperm at low temperature, which is technically known as cryo preservation
Sperm banking
Several justifications of Sperm Banking (SB) include the following:
1) To preserve the seeds of endangered animal species among the lower animals
2) To overcome infertility among humans
3) To serve as “fertility insurance” for men who wish to undergo vasectomy, while hoping to retain their fertility for future use
4) To use sperm deposits for research on genetic diseases and reproductive process and
5) To further studies about sex selection for eugenic reasons
_________ is the cryo preservation of fertilized eggs. Through a technique known as laparoscopy or laparotomy (a minor surgical operation involving the insertion of needle-like instrument into the egg sac), oocytes (the egg) are first extracted from the female ovary. The eggs are then fertilized by sperm in vitro.
cloning
Biomedical science provides us with scientific understanding of _____________ – also known as sex control, sex determination, sex predetermination and sex preselection
sex selection
This chart where the woman‟s age (18-45 years) is plotted against the months of the year
Consulting the Chinese calendar
If a couple would like a baby boy, coitus or sexual intercourse should takes place during the peak of ovulation, or one or two days later. For a baby girl, coitus should be done one or two days before ovulation. Cloning Sperm and zygote banking Sex selection
Monitoring one’s menstrual cycle
if the woman has an orgasm during intercourse, the probability for a baby boy is high.
Monitoring female orgasm
if a boy is desired, the woman should practice vaginal rinsing or dousing with a solution of water and baking soda to create an alkaline condition.
Vaginal rinsing
For a baby girl, she should rinse with a ____________ to create an acidic environment.
solution of water and vinegar
the male‟s ejaculation can also predetermine the child‟s sex
Timing semen ejaculation
The sex of an off-spring, biologist say, is determined by the type of sperm that fertilizes the ovum (egg). Some of them named androsperm (or the so-called Y- bearing chromosomes) and the others named (the X bearing chromosomes).
preconception methods
_______________ aims to provide a means whereby one could control which type of sperm would fertilize the ovum.
Preconception research
Advanced microsurgery and biotechnology have enabled us to determine the sex of an embryo or fetus prior to birth.
Post conception methods
Another post conception method is based upon scientific advances in ____________ whereby the sex of a fetus in utero may be determined through a process known as amniocentesis.
prenatal diagnostic techniques
_________ ethicians go with Pope John Paul II‟s announcements that “a strictly therapeutic intervention whose explicit objective is the healing of various maladies such as those stemming from chromosomal defects will in principle be considered desirable provided it is directed to the life promotion of the personal well-being of the individual without doing harm to his integrity or worsening his conditions of life.
Natural Law
freezing of embryos, post mortem insemination and sperm banking or cryopreservation constitute an offense against the respect due to human beings manipulating them.
cloning
moralist, for example, claim that the accumulation of scientific knowledge that biomedical specialist would be able to gain from genetic engineering and /or reproductive technologies will be beneficial, useful, advantageous and profitable to the understanding of human reproduction and would pave the way for the discovery of medical drugs for fetal disorders and children‟s diseases.
Utilitarian
On ______________, one would be confronted with the moral duty to avoid harm and to seek the good for one‟s offspring.
Kantian ethical principles
