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CardioPulm > Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Three parts of sternum:

A

manubrium, body, xiphoid

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2
Q

Angle of Louis

A

sternal angle
level of bifurcation of trachea
Provides pump-handle action of sternal body during inspiration

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3
Q

True ribs

A

ribs 1 to 7 (vertebrosternal ribs)

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4
Q

False ribs:

A

Ribs 11 to 12 (vertebral) – only vertebral attachment, “floating ribs”

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5
Q

Muscles of Inspiration:

A

Diaphragm + External Intercostal Ms + Accessory Ms

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6
Q

Muscles of Expiration:

A

Abdominal Ms + Internal Intercostal Ms (forceful expiration)

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7
Q

Accessory muscles of ventilation:

A

sternocleidomastoid, scalene, upper trapezius, pectoralis major/minor, serratus anterior, rhomboids, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior superior, thoracic erector spinae

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8
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract

A

Nose
Pharynx – naso, oro, laryngo
Larynx

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9
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract

A 
Tracheobronchial Tree – conducting airways
Trachea
Main stem/lobar bronchi
Segmental/subsegmental bronchi
Terminal respiratory (Acinar) units
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10
Q

Hilius

A

point at which the nerves, vessels, and primary bronchi penetrate the parenchyma

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11
Q

Conducting airways or Conducting Zone or Tracheobronchial Tree

A

Trachea
Main stem/lobar bronchi
Segmental/subsegmental bronchi

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12
Q

Acinar/terminal respiratory units or Respiratory Zone

A

Respiratory bronicoles
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli – the functional unit

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13
Q

Parasympathetic control of lungs:

A

bronchial constriction, dilation of pulmonary smooth ms

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14
Q

Sympathetic control of lungs:

A

bronchial dilation and slight vasoconstriction

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15
Q

Tidal volume

A

350-500 mL

volume of air normally inhaled and exhaled with each breath during quiet breathing

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16
Q

Minute ventilation

A

ventilatory rate × tidal volume

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17
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV):

A

additional volume of air that can be taken into the lungs beyond normal tidal inhalation
(3000mL)

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18
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV):

A

additional volume of air that can be let out beyond normal tidal exhalation (1100mL)

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19
Q

Residual Volume (RV):

A

volume of air that remains in the lungs after a forceful expiratory effort
(1200mL)

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20
Q

Inspiratory Capacity (IC):

A

sum of the tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volumes
maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after normal tidal exhalation
(3500mL)

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21
Q

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC):

A

sum of the expiratory reserve and residual volume
Amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of normal tidal exhalation
(2300mL)

22
Q

What does functional residual capacity represent?

A

the point at which the forces tending to collapse lungs are balanced against the forces tending to expand chest wall

23
Q

Vital Capacity (VC):

A

sum of the inspiratory reserve, tidal, and expiratory reserve volumes
Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled following a maximum inhalation
(4600mL)

24
Q

Total Lung Capacity (TLC):

A

maximum volume to which lungs can be expanded
Sum of all the pulmonary volumes
(5800 mL)

25
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

sense alterations in blood pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen levels

26
Q

What affects breathing?

A

lung compliance, elasticity, surface tension

27
Q

Boyle’s law

A

pressure of given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume

28
Q

Inspiration

A

negative intrapulmonary pressure (volume increases)

29
Q

Expiration

A

intrapulmonary pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure (volume decreases)

30
Q

Mechanical Ventilation:

A

lack ability to generate an effective negative pressure or subatmospheric pressure

31
Q

Transmural pressure

A

difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures and maintains lung near chest wall

32
Q

Paradoxical breathing:

A

changes in lung volume do not parallel normal inward and outward pull during inspiration and expiration, they are OPPOSITE
Often seen in patients with multiple rib fractures and flail chest

33
Q

Physical properties of lungs

A

compliance
elasticity
surface tension
resistance to airflow

34
Q

Compliance

A

tendency to collapse or recoil while inflated

35
Q

Elasticity

A

tendency of structure to return to its initial size after being distended

36
Q

What affects resistance to airflow?

A

pressure differences, diameter and length of airway

37
Q

Ventilation and Perfusion Matching

A

Optimal respiration or gas exchange occurs if distribution of gas (ventilation) and blood (perfusion) match at level of alveolar capillary interface

38
Q

Systole

A

period of ventricular contraction

39
Q

Diastole

A

period of ventricular relaxation

40
Q

Cardiac Output

A

Heart Rate × Stroke Volume

4-6L/min at rest on average

41
Q

Sympathetic effect on HR

A

increase heart rate via SA node

42
Q

Parasympathetic effect on HR:

A

slows heart rate via SA node

43
Q

Pre-load

A

blood returning to heart or end diastolic volume (EDV)

44
Q

Frank-Starling mechanism:

A

greater volume of blood is ejected out of the ventricles when greater volume of blood is returned to the heart

45
Q

Afterload

A

blood ejected out of heart is influenced by pressure generated in ventricle compared to pressure in systemic vasculature

46
Q

Who is preload increased in?

A

hypervolemia
regurgitation of cardiac valves
heart failure

47
Q

Who is afterload increased in?

A

hypertension

vasoconstriction

48
Q

Ejection Fraction

A

Ratio of volume of blood ejected out of ventricles relative to volume of blood received by ventricles
Normal = 60% to 70%

49
Q

end-systolic volume (ESV)

A

Blood remaining in ventricles following contraction

50
Q

Venous Return

A

return of blood to the right side of the heart

51
Q

What affects venous return?

A

total blood volume and pressure within the venous vasculature

CardioPulm (22 decks)

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