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PCOL 2 > Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

a muscle whose main function is to generate the force that moves the blood through the circulatory system

A

Heart

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2
Q

is an organ that pumps blood throughout the body via the circulatory system, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes.

A

heart

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3
Q

Normal heart function depends on its 3 functional parts:

A

Cardiac Muscle
Conduction System
Nerve Supply

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4
Q

It is responsible for the pumping ability of the heart. Under normal condition, blood flow in the coronary arteries is dependent upon the force of myocardial contractions.

A

Cardiac Muscle (aka myocardium)

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5
Q

Found in specific areas of the heart responsible for coordinating the contraction of the heart.
Note: Conduction system has a unique characteristic, known as auto rhythmicity.

A

Conduction System (specialized tissues)

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6
Q

2 nerves that supply the heart

A

Sympathetic nerve
Parasympathetic nerve

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7
Q

It supplies Norepinephrine which increase the heart rate (positive chronotropic action) and also increase force of contraction (positive inotropic action)

A

Sympathetic nerve

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8
Q

It supplies acetylcholine which decreases the heart rate (negative chronotropic action) and also decreases force of contraction

A

Parasympathetic nerve

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9
Q

2 main diseases of the heart

A

Congestive Heart Failure
Coronary Artery Disease

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10
Q
  • enlargement of the heart
  • the inability of the heart to pump out blood, or, the contractile ability of the heart to pump blood is decreased so that the heart pumps out less blood than it receives.
A

Congestive Heart Failure

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11
Q

It is the accumulation of fluid in the lungs: when the left side of the heart fails to pump blood that interferes with gas exchange.

  • Shortness of breath.
A

Pulmonary edema

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12
Q

It is the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal organs when the right side of the heart fails to pump blood.

A

Ascites

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13
Q

This is caused by insufficient flow of blood to the heart.

A

Coronary Artery Disease

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14
Q

It happens when there is hardening (fibrosis) and narrowing of the arteries, causing decreased blood flow.

A

Arteriosclerosis

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15
Q

It happens when fatty deposits plaques accumulate within the walls of arteries.

A

Atherosclerosis

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16
Q

It refers to chest pain due to insufficient blood flow to the heart.

A

Angina Pectoris

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17
Q

Causes of Angina

A
  1. Arteriosclerosis
  2. Atherosclerosis
  3. Coronary artery spasms
  4. Physical exertion
  5. Psychological stress
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18
Q

The disease when muscle areas in the heart are dead.

A

Myocardial Infarction / Heart Attack

19
Q

It is when certain area of cardiac muscles (myocardium) is deprived of its blood supply.

A

Ischemia

20
Q

It happens when certain area of muscle cells die

A

Necrosis

21
Q

Abnormally high blood pressure

A

Hypertension

22
Q

disorder of cardiac discussion

A

Arrhythmia

23
Q

formation of blood clot

A

Blood Coagulation

24
Q

abnormally high lipid levels in the plasma

A

Hyperlipidemia

25
Q

It emerges when plaque, which is made of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances in the blood, builds up inside the coronary arteries which supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscles.

A

Heart Diseases

26
Q

It refers to persistent elevation of arterial blood pressure

A

Hypertension

27
Q

Sustained systolic blood pressure of: Sustained diastolic pressure of:

A

greater than 140 mm Hg

greater than 90 mm Hg

28
Q

What is the blood pressure for hypertensive crisis

A

Greater than 180/120

29
Q

Hypertensive crisis with end-organ damage

A

Hypertensive emergency

30
Q

Hypertensive crisis without end-organ damage

A

Hypertensive Urgency

31
Q

Hypertension with unknown cause or etiology

  • 90%
A

Essential HTN / Primary HTN

32
Q

Hypertension with known causes

  • 10%
  • Causes are chronic kidney diseases or renovascular disease (most common cause),pheochromocytoma, Cushing’s syndrome, hyperthyroidism , hyperparathyroidism, primary aldosteronism
    -Usually asymptomatic initially
A

Secondary HTN

33
Q

Formula for BP

A

CO x PR

34
Q

Main cause death:

A

Cerebrovascular disease
Cardiovascular events
Renal failure

35
Q

amount of blood pumped by the heart

  • influenced by heart rate, contractility, and blood volume
A

Cardiac Output

36
Q

determined by vasoconstriction

A

Peripheral Resistance

37
Q

Non-Pharmacologic Treatment for Hypertension

A
  1. weight reduction if overweight
  2. DASH eating plan
  3. Sodium <2.4g/day (<6g NaCl)
  4. Regular aerobic physical activity
  5. Moderate alcohol
  6. Smoking cessation
38
Q

DASH meaning

A

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension

  • Eat more fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy foods. Cut back on foods that are high in saturated fat, cholesterol, and trans fats.
39
Q

It refers to the relaxation of the heart

A

Diastolic

40
Q

Contraction of the heart

A

Systolic

41
Q

Refers to the blood that comes into the heart

A

Cardiac Input

42
Q

Heart is made up of ___ muscles

A

Arranges Muscles

43
Q

It is a cardiac glycoside

A

Digoxin

PCOL 2 (8 decks)

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