Lesson 1 Flashcards
a muscle whose main function is to generate the force that moves the blood through the circulatory system
Heart
is an organ that pumps blood throughout the body via the circulatory system, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes.
heart
Normal heart function depends on its 3 functional parts:
Cardiac Muscle
Conduction System
Nerve Supply
It is responsible for the pumping ability of the heart. Under normal condition, blood flow in the coronary arteries is dependent upon the force of myocardial contractions.
Cardiac Muscle (aka myocardium)
Found in specific areas of the heart responsible for coordinating the contraction of the heart.
Note: Conduction system has a unique characteristic, known as auto rhythmicity.
Conduction System (specialized tissues)
2 nerves that supply the heart
Sympathetic nerve
Parasympathetic nerve
It supplies Norepinephrine which increase the heart rate (positive chronotropic action) and also increase force of contraction (positive inotropic action)
Sympathetic nerve
It supplies acetylcholine which decreases the heart rate (negative chronotropic action) and also decreases force of contraction
Parasympathetic nerve
2 main diseases of the heart
Congestive Heart Failure
Coronary Artery Disease
- enlargement of the heart
- the inability of the heart to pump out blood, or, the contractile ability of the heart to pump blood is decreased so that the heart pumps out less blood than it receives.
Congestive Heart Failure
It is the accumulation of fluid in the lungs: when the left side of the heart fails to pump blood that interferes with gas exchange.
- Shortness of breath.
Pulmonary edema
It is the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal organs when the right side of the heart fails to pump blood.
Ascites
This is caused by insufficient flow of blood to the heart.
Coronary Artery Disease
It happens when there is hardening (fibrosis) and narrowing of the arteries, causing decreased blood flow.
Arteriosclerosis
It happens when fatty deposits plaques accumulate within the walls of arteries.
Atherosclerosis
It refers to chest pain due to insufficient blood flow to the heart.
Angina Pectoris
Causes of Angina
- Arteriosclerosis
- Atherosclerosis
- Coronary artery spasms
- Physical exertion
- Psychological stress
The disease when muscle areas in the heart are dead.
Myocardial Infarction / Heart Attack
It is when certain area of cardiac muscles (myocardium) is deprived of its blood supply.
Ischemia
It happens when certain area of muscle cells die
Necrosis
Abnormally high blood pressure
Hypertension
disorder of cardiac discussion
Arrhythmia
formation of blood clot
Blood Coagulation
abnormally high lipid levels in the plasma
Hyperlipidemia
It emerges when plaque, which is made of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances in the blood, builds up inside the coronary arteries which supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscles.
Heart Diseases
It refers to persistent elevation of arterial blood pressure
Hypertension
Sustained systolic blood pressure of: Sustained diastolic pressure of:
greater than 140 mm Hg
greater than 90 mm Hg
What is the blood pressure for hypertensive crisis
Greater than 180/120
Hypertensive crisis with end-organ damage
Hypertensive emergency
Hypertensive crisis without end-organ damage
Hypertensive Urgency
Hypertension with unknown cause or etiology
- 90%
Essential HTN / Primary HTN
Hypertension with known causes
- 10%
- Causes are chronic kidney diseases or renovascular disease (most common cause),pheochromocytoma, Cushing’s syndrome, hyperthyroidism , hyperparathyroidism, primary aldosteronism
-Usually asymptomatic initially
Secondary HTN
Formula for BP
CO x PR
Main cause death:
Cerebrovascular disease
Cardiovascular events
Renal failure
amount of blood pumped by the heart
- influenced by heart rate, contractility, and blood volume
Cardiac Output
determined by vasoconstriction
Peripheral Resistance
Non-Pharmacologic Treatment for Hypertension
- weight reduction if overweight
- DASH eating plan
- Sodium <2.4g/day (<6g NaCl)
- Regular aerobic physical activity
- Moderate alcohol
- Smoking cessation
DASH meaning
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
- Eat more fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy foods. Cut back on foods that are high in saturated fat, cholesterol, and trans fats.
It refers to the relaxation of the heart
Diastolic
Contraction of the heart
Systolic
Refers to the blood that comes into the heart
Cardiac Input
Heart is made up of ___ muscles
Arranges Muscles
It is a cardiac glycoside
Digoxin
