Lesson 1

Question 1

a muscle whose main function is to generate the force that moves the blood through the circulatory system

Answer 1

Heart

Question 2

is an organ that pumps blood throughout the body via the circulatory system, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes.

Answer 2

heart

Question 3

Normal heart function depends on its 3 functional parts:

Answer 3

Cardiac Muscle
Conduction System
Nerve Supply

Question 4

It is responsible for the pumping ability of the heart. Under normal condition, blood flow in the coronary arteries is dependent upon the force of myocardial contractions.

Answer 4

Cardiac Muscle (aka myocardium)

Question 5

Found in specific areas of the heart responsible for coordinating the contraction of the heart.
Note: Conduction system has a unique characteristic, known as auto rhythmicity.

Answer 5

Conduction System (specialized tissues)

Question 6

2 nerves that supply the heart

Answer 6

Sympathetic nerve
Parasympathetic nerve

Question 7

It supplies Norepinephrine which increase the heart rate (positive chronotropic action) and also increase force of contraction (positive inotropic action)

Answer 7

Sympathetic nerve

Question 8

It supplies acetylcholine which decreases the heart rate (negative chronotropic action) and also decreases force of contraction

Answer 8

Parasympathetic nerve

Question 9

2 main diseases of the heart

Answer 9

Congestive Heart Failure
Coronary Artery Disease

Question 10

• enlargement of the heart
• the inability of the heart to pump out blood, or, the contractile ability of the heart to pump blood is decreased so that the heart pumps out less blood than it receives.

Answer 10

Congestive Heart Failure

Question 11

It is the accumulation of fluid in the lungs: when the left side of the heart fails to pump blood that interferes with gas exchange.

• Shortness of breath.

Answer 11

Pulmonary edema

Question 12

It is the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal organs when the right side of the heart fails to pump blood.

Answer 12

Ascites

Question 13

This is caused by insufficient flow of blood to the heart.

Answer 13

Coronary Artery Disease

Question 14

It happens when there is hardening (fibrosis) and narrowing of the arteries, causing decreased blood flow.

Answer 14

Arteriosclerosis

Question 15

It happens when fatty deposits plaques accumulate within the walls of arteries.

Answer 15

Atherosclerosis

Question 16

It refers to chest pain due to insufficient blood flow to the heart.

Answer 16

Angina Pectoris

Question 17

Causes of Angina

Answer 17

1. Arteriosclerosis
2. Atherosclerosis
3. Coronary artery spasms
4. Physical exertion
5. Psychological stress

Question 18

The disease when muscle areas in the heart are dead.

Answer 18

Myocardial Infarction / Heart Attack

Question 19

It is when certain area of cardiac muscles (myocardium) is deprived of its blood supply.

Answer 19

Ischemia

Question 20

It happens when certain area of muscle cells die

Answer 20

Necrosis

Question 21

Abnormally high blood pressure

Answer 21

Hypertension

Question 22

disorder of cardiac discussion

Answer 22

Arrhythmia

Question 23

formation of blood clot

Answer 23

Blood Coagulation

Question 24

abnormally high lipid levels in the plasma

Answer 24

Hyperlipidemia

Question 25

It emerges when plaque, which is made of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances in the blood, builds up inside the coronary arteries which supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscles.

Answer 25

Heart Diseases

Question 26

It refers to persistent elevation of arterial blood pressure

Answer 26

Hypertension

Question 27

Sustained systolic blood pressure of: Sustained diastolic pressure of:

Answer 27

greater than 140 mm Hg greater than 90 mm Hg

Question 28

What is the blood pressure for hypertensive crisis

Answer 28

Greater than 180/120

Question 29

Hypertensive crisis with end-organ damage

Answer 29

Hypertensive emergency

Question 30

Hypertensive crisis without end-organ damage

Answer 30

Hypertensive Urgency

Question 31

Hypertension with unknown cause or etiology - 90%

Answer 31

Essential HTN / Primary HTN

Question 32

Hypertension with known causes - 10% - Causes are chronic kidney diseases or renovascular disease (most common cause),pheochromocytoma, Cushing’s syndrome, hyperthyroidism , hyperparathyroidism, primary aldosteronism -Usually asymptomatic initially

Answer 32

Secondary HTN

Question 33

Formula for BP

Answer 33

CO x PR

Question 34

Main cause death:

Answer 34

Cerebrovascular disease Cardiovascular events Renal failure

Question 35

amount of blood pumped by the heart - influenced by heart rate, contractility, and blood volume

Answer 35

Cardiac Output

Question 36

determined by vasoconstriction

Answer 36

Peripheral Resistance

Question 37

Non-Pharmacologic Treatment for Hypertension

Answer 37

1. weight reduction if overweight 2. DASH eating plan 3. Sodium <2.4g/day (<6g NaCl) 4. Regular aerobic physical activity 5. Moderate alcohol 6. Smoking cessation

Question 38

DASH meaning

Answer 38

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension - Eat more fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy foods. Cut back on foods that are high in saturated fat, cholesterol, and trans fats.

Question 39

It refers to the relaxation of the heart

Answer 39

Diastolic

Question 40

Contraction of the heart

Answer 40

Systolic

Question 41

Refers to the blood that comes into the heart

Answer 41

Cardiac Input

Question 42

Heart is made up of ___ muscles

Answer 42

Arranges Muscles

Question 43

It is a cardiac glycoside

Answer 43

Digoxin