diureticd Flashcards
Urine formation is essential for normal body function because it enables the blood to reabsorb necessary ____, ____ and ____.
nutrients
water
electrolytes
Urine is also a way or process by which the ______ are eliminated from the body.
metabolic waste products
excess urine may increase _____ that would lead to _____.
blood volume (edema)
high blood pressure
These are medications designed to increase the amount of water and salt expelled from the body as urine
Diuretics
Diuretics are also called:
water pills
These are among the main therapy or most effective measure to reduce blood pressure especially in the presence of pulmonary edema, ascites or edema of lower extremities caused by congestive heart failure.
Diuretics
Diuretics are among the main therapy or most effective measure to reduce blood pressure especially in the presence of ____, ____ or ____ caused by congestive heart failure.
pulmonary edema
ascites
edema of lower extremities
Conditions associated with Renal Dysfunction
Nephritis
Oliguria
Anuria
Uremia (toxemia)
Refers to infection or inflammation in the renal tissue. That reduces the renal function.
Nephritis
Refers to less or decreased urine volume.
Oliguria
Refers to absence or no urine production
Anuria
It is an accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood due to impaired renal filtration.
Uremia (toxemia)
Different Classes of Diuretics
• Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
• Loop Diuretics
• Thiazide Diuretics
• Potassium Sparing Diuretics
• Osmotic Diuretics
Examples of Loop Diuretics
Furosemide (Sulfonamide)
Ethacrynic acid (phenoxy acetic acid) Bumetanide
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Acetazolamide
Dorzolamide
Brinzolamide
Examples of Thiazide Diuretics
Hydrochlorothiazide (sulfonamide)
Examples of Potassium sparing diuretics
Spironolactone and Eplerenone (steroid) Amiloride and Triamterene
Examples of Osmotic diuretics
Mannitol
Glycerin
Isosorbide
Urea (rarely used)
- Inhibits carbonic anhydrase in the proximal convoluted tubule eyes, CNS
- Sodium and bicarbonate excretion
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
Uses of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
Glaucoma
Acute mountain (high altitude) sickness
Side effects of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
Metabolic acidosis
Hypokalemia
Drowsiness
Paresthesia
Sulfonamide allergy
Inhibits Na/k/Cl transport in the loop of Henle
Loop Diuretics
Uses of Loop Diuretics
Acute pulmonary edema
Ascites
Hypercalcemia
Side effects of Loop Diuretics
Hypokalemia
Hypovolemia
Ototoxicity
Sulfonamide allergy
Inhibits Na-Cl transporter in the distal convoluted tubule
Thiazide Diuretics
Use of Thiazide Diuretics
Hypertension
Side Effects of Thiazide Diuretics
Hypokalemia
Hyponatremia
Hyperglycemia
Hyperuricemia
Hyperlipidemia
Sulfonamide allergy
Aldosterone antagonist in the collecting tubule
Spironolactone
It blocks sodium channels
Amiloride
Uses of Potassium Sparing Diuretics
Potassium wasting with diuretics
Aldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome)
Side effects of Potassium Sparing Diuretics
Hyperkalemia (with potassium supplement and ACEIs)
Spironolactone - gynecomastia
Osmotic effect in the proximal convoluted tubule
Osmotic Diuretics
Use of Osmotic Diuretics
Reduce intracranial pressure in neurologic conditions
Side effects of Osmotic Diuretics
Hyponatremia
Pulmonary edema
A condition in which the tissues have more acid or acid waste.
Acidosis
A process that alters the pH to less than 7.
Acidification
A condition in which the tissues have less acid than normal.
Alkalosis
A condition that causes urine to be excreted, usually associated with large volume of urine.
Diuresis
unable to produce an increased response even though the stimulation or amount of drug has been increased.
Refractory Diuretic
