Lesson 1 Flashcards
Gen meaning
to become or to grow into something
branch of biology that deals with the principles of heredity and variation
Genetics
all organisms have _______ that encodes genetic information and dictates gene expression
genetic material
transmission of traits from parents to offspring
Heredity
differences among individuals (between parents and offspring; among offspring; or among individuals in the population)
Variation
principal determinants of life processes
Cell Structure
Cell Function
Organization of Cells into Tissues/Organs
Organism’s apperance
Adaptability
Behavior
other Transmission Genetics
Classical Genetics
a branch of genetics that deals with How are traits passed on from one generation to the next?
Transmission Genetics
a branch of genetics that deal with the relationship between chromosome and heredity;
Transmission Genetics
what is the focus of the field of Transmission Genetics?
Individual Organism
MAPPING
provides evidence of transmission of characters from one generation to the next.
linked to one or more genes could provide clues on where they lie in chromosomes
Markers
bearers of genes
chromosome
diploid organism: _ sets of chrosomes: _ from each parent
2; 23
what is a diploid organism?
2 sets of chromosome, 23 from each parent
branch of genetics that covers the chemical nature of the gene
Molecular Genetics
branch of gen that covers how genetic information is replicated, encoded, and expressed?
molecular genetics
a branch of genetics that revolves around the central cellular processes
molecular genetics
3 processes of central dogma
replication, transcription, and translation
branch of gen that deals with how dna stores instructions for proteins
Molecular Genetics
branch of gen that describe genetic composition changes over time
Population Genetics
branch of gen that studies the genetic composition of groups of individuals of the same species evolution
Population Genetics
branch of gen that focuses on genetic makeup of groups of individuals of the same species
Population Genetics
BRANCH OF GEN
-structure and functions of genes at a molecular level
-processes in the Central Dogma of molecular biology
Molecular Genetics
BRANCH OF GEN
-fates of genes in the population
Population Genetics
BRANCH OF GEN
-factors affecting gene and allele frequencies
Population Genetics
BRANCH OF GEN
-deals with chromosomes, karyotyping, behavior of chromosomes, and abnormalities due to chromosome change
Cytogenetics
it is the term used for identifying number of chromosomes an organism has
karyotyping
BRANCH OF GEN
-gene regulation (switching on and off of genes during development)
Developmental Genetics
BRANCH OF GEN
studies how genes control the growth and development of an organism
Developmental Genetics
BRANCH OF GEN
-genetic change within and between species
Evolutionary Genetics
BRANCH OF GEN
-How genetic variation leads to speciation and adaptation
Evolutionary Genetics
BRANCH OF GEN
- enzymes, proteins, and the products of genes
-role of enzymes and proteins (product of genes)
Biochemical Genetics
BRANCH OF GEN
Studies the relationship of genes and their control over functions of an enzyme in a metabolic pathway
Biochemical Genetics
BRANCH OF GEN
-studies the genetic basis for metabolic disorders
Biochemical Genetics
BRANCH OF GEN
-deals with behavioral traits that are inherited and how heredity and environmental influences affect behavior
Behavioral Genetics
BRANCH OF GEN
studies genetic basis of behavioral disorders [ e.g. schizophrenia, alcoholism, manic depressive psychosis, criminality ]
Behavioral Genetics
BRANCH OF GEN
-inheritance and expression of quantitative traits
-role of genetic and environmental factors of quantitative traits
-lean towards breeding
Quantitative Genetics
variant form of a gene or a certain trait
Allele
measure of how common an allele is in a population
Allele Frequency
are visible carrier of genes
Chromosomes
carries genetic material and is tightly packed into a chromosome
DNA
section of DNA that encodes for a certain trait
Gene
specific characteristics that are determined by multiple genes as well as environmental factors [ex. height, weight, IQ]
Quantitative Trait
a process of forming new kind of species
Species
describe genetics before Gregor Mendel
-heredity as “blending” process
-offspring are intermediate between the parents
[not true if offspring is similar to one of the parents and there are differences observed between parents and offsprings]
Golden Age of Greek Culture
Attention was given to: (2)
Reproduction
Heredity
main contributor in Theory of Pangenesis
Aristotle
Theory of Pangenesis is known as the
Greek Theory of Inheritance
Describe the Theory of Pangenesis
-All structures and organs of the body contribute copies of themselves to sex cells.
-Semen was formed everywhere in a man’s body, reflects the characteristics of the body part from which it was formed, and traveled through the blood vessels into the male reproductive organs
Charles Darwin: supported Pangenesis as he discussed modes of heredity of so-called ‘_______’ in his theory of evolution by natural selection
Gemmules
a theory based on the pangenesis theory proposed by Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
THEORY OF INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS other term
theory of use and disuse
a theory stating that acquired body modifications are inherited
Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
Explain the theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
-Kapag ginagamit mo nang pauulit-ulit mas mataas yung chance na ma-transmit sa susunod na generation. On the other hand, kapag naman hindi mo ginagamit; may chance na mawala
-organism adapts to its environment -> modifications to the organism will arise -> such modifications are automatically handed down to its descendants = hence become hereditary
a theory proposed to be the fundamental mechanism of evolution
Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
who developed the Germplasm Theory [also considered as the second most notable evolutionary theorist after Darwin ]
-August Weismann
a theory stating that germ cells are the hereditary material
Germplasm Theory
In Germplasm Theory, what is referred to as the is independent from all other cells of the body (somatoplasm), is the essential element of germ cells (sex cells) and is the hereditary material that is passed from generation to generation
Germ plasm
other term for sex cells used in Germplasm Theory
Germ cells
Body cells term used in Germplasm Theory
Somatoplasm
-ruled out the Lamarckian theory of inheritance by illustrating how germ cells but not somatic cells, function as agents of heredity.
Germplasm Theory
Explain the Germplasm Theory
-germ plasm, which is independent from all other cells of the body (somatoplasm), is the essential element of germ cells (sex cells) and is the hereditary material that is passed from generation to generation
germplasm perpetuated themselves during reproduction generation after generation
-ruled out the Lamarckian theory of inheritance by illustrating how germ cells but not somatic cells, function as agents of heredity.
Father of Genetics
Gregor Mendel
-laid the foundation for Genetics
Gregor Mendel
what are the hereditary factors discovered by Mendel? Referred to as now as ___________
genes
first to properly explains similarities & differences among parents & offspring
Gregor Mendel
showed that there was no blending or dilution of inheritance and provided a strong foundation of Classical or Transmission Genetics.
Gregor Mendel
two principles developed by Mendel
Principle of Segregation and Principle of Independent Assorment
two major points in the studies of mendel
- the gene is passed on from parents to successive generations in a predictable fashion because each progeny has a physical copy of this heritable material
- the gene codes for information that would determine structure, function, and other biological properties of the characteristic or trait that it controls.
-duplicated mendel’s experiments on other plants
Carl Correns, Erick von Tschermak & Hugo de Vries
observed mendel’s principles on animals
William Bateson, Saunders, & Lucien Cuenot
developed chromosome theory of inheritance which states that chromosomes are passed on and are responsible for passing on of genes
Walter Sutton & Theodor Boveri
discovered the association between specific gene and specific chromosome
created the linkage map in drosophila
Thomas Hunt Morgan & Calvin Bridges
DNA was the hereditary material (chemical basis of heredity)
Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, & Maclyn McCarty
elucidation of DNA structure in 1953 (DNA double helix)
James Watson & Francies Crick
What are the application of Genetics
Microbial Plant and Animal Improvement
Genetic Engineering or Recombinant DNA Technology
Medicine
Genetic Counselling
Eugenics
Euphenics
Legal Application
there are organisms that have an abnormal count of chromosomes therefore bigger and larger in size
Polyphoid organisms
discovering the likelihood of inheritance of undesirable traits ; pedigree analysis of prospective parents
Genetic counselling
who coined Eugenics
Francis Galton
application of genetic knowledge for improvement of human race (looking for good traits and apply it)
Eugenics
medical and/or genetic intervention ; designed to reduce impact of defective genotypes on individual [ex insulin for diabetes, dietary control]
Euphenics
replaces Eugenics
Euphenics
an application of Genetics used for blood type analysis, dna fingerprinting (paternity testing, disputed parentage, criminal identification)
Legal Applications
