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BIO 30 > Lecture 6 Part 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Part 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nature and characteristics of the genetic code

A
  1. Triplet Code
  2. It is continuous, comma free.
  3. Non-overlapping (It is read in successive groups of three nucleotides)
  4. Universal (all organisms share the same genetic code)
  5. code is degenerate (Crick & et al) (amino acids may have more than 1 codon) (exc. AUG- met and UGG- trp)
  6. has start and stop (AUG – met, GUG -val) and (UAG UGA UUA)
  7. Wobble occurs in anticodon (degeneracy)
  8. Genetic code is unambiguous (rare that 1 codon specifies more than 1 a.a) (specific codon = same amino acid)
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2
Q

linear correspondence between DNA sequence and the order of amino acids

A

Colinearity of a gene and protein

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3
Q

who proposed the colinearity of a gene and protein

A

Yanofsky et al in 1964

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4
Q

refers to the molecular analysis of the entire genome of species

A

Genomics

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5
Q

a type of genomic research where there is direct analysis of the DNA itself and
-determination of complete DNA sequence
-done in the human genome two decades ago

A

structural genomics

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6
Q

-a type of genomic research which identifies which genes are turned on and off
-Determine gene functions and interactions in relation to phenotype

A

Functional Genomics

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7
Q

-systematic study of all the proteins in a cell or tissue
-the amounts of the different proteins, modifications, interactions, localization, and functions
-all or subsets of all proteins in biological systems, in the whole organisms, tissue, cellular, and sub-cellular levels

A

Proteomics

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8
Q

it aims to identify and study groups of proteins
-it also determine the role of cellular proteins and how they interact to express the trait

A

Proteomics

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9
Q

they identified the 21st amino acid - selenocysteine
-encoded by UGA
-found in Archaea, Eubacteria, and Animals

A

Atkins, J.F and Gestleland in 2002

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10
Q

21st amino acid
-encoded by UGA
-found in Archaea, Eubacteria, and Animals

A

selenocysteine

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11
Q

22nd amino acid
-encoded by UAG,
-found in Archaea,
-Methnosarcina barkeri

A

pyrolysine

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12
Q

pyrolysine- encoded by what amino acid

A

UAG

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13
Q

selenocysteine - encoded by what amino acid

A

UGA

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14
Q

In _____ cell, after the transcription mRNA undergoes the process of Eukaryotic pre-mRNA processing in order to be converted into a matured mRNA unlike in the prokaryotic cell which does not involve this

A

Eukaryotic

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15
Q

refers to the RNA transcript prior to any processing

A

Eukaryotic nuclear gene

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16
Q

TUR - it does not translated into amino acids; only from the first exon to the __ exon would you have the code for the amino acids

A

third

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17
Q

first process of pre-mRNA processing
1. addition of 5 prime cap

A

-Addition of 7-methyl guanosine triphosphate on
5’
-Protects from degradation (especially in 5’ end)
-Assists the ribosome binding during translation

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18
Q

second process of pre-mRNA processing
2. SPLICING OF INTRONS

A
  • Removal of introns (intervening sequences)
  • Found between region that codes between amino acids (exons)
  • Facilitated by spliceosome
  • protein complex composed of snRNPs (small nuclear ribonucleic proteins) and other proteins
  • takes out introns
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19
Q

these are intervening DNA sequences found in between exons

A

intron

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20
Q

these are sequences in a gene that code for amino acids

A

exons

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21
Q

______ have to be take out so that there will continuous series of exons that will be read during transcription in pre-mRNA eukaryotic transcription

A

introns (they are intervening sequences)

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22
Q

third process of pre mRNA processing:

A

ADDITION OF POLY A TAIL AT END OF 3’
- addition of multiple adenine residues
- protects from degradation in cytoplasm
- assists in termination of transcription
- helps recognition of mRNA for export to the ribosomes

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23
Q

responsible for taking out the introns and the joining together of exons

A

spliceosomes

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24
Q

they do not occur in organisms; but these occur in viruses and other particular types

A

special transfers

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25
Q

In a special transfer, the RNA replication process involves the use of the RNA as template to produce another

A

RNA

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26
Q

the enzyme involved in the special transfer of RNA replication in the process of using RNA as template to produce RNA

A

RNA replicase

27
Q

another type of special transfer where RNA is used to produce a DNA
-found in tumor causing viruses

A

Reverse Transcription

28
Q

in reverse transcription, RNA is used to make _

A

DNA

29
Q

enzyme involved in reverse transcription where RNA is used to make DNA

A

reverse transcriptase

30
Q

this implies that organisms adjust to new environment
-alter gene activity
-synthesis of gene products appropriate to the new condition

A

Regulation of Gene Action

31
Q

In ________ ability of the cells to determine:
-which genes should be expressed
-when are those genes should be expressed
-how much of each gene product should be expressed

A

Gene regulation

32
Q

activity is controlled in response to the needs of a cell or the organism
-there are times that there will be a large amount of genes, while there are times that this is not the case

A

regulated genes

33
Q

-genes that are constantly being transcribed
-expressed all the time
-gene products are essential for maintenance

A

consitutive or housekeeping genes

34
Q

group of functionally related genes
-when expressed, they produce polycistronic mRNA
-encodes several proteins

A

Operon

35
Q

when operon is expressed it produces

A

polycistronic mRNA

36
Q

two types of transcriptional control

A

negative and positive transcriptional control

37
Q

with transcriptional control, if a gene is needed then transcription is _, then if the gene is not needed, then trasncription will be _

A

ON; OFF

38
Q

a type of transcriptional control which uses repressor protein to turn off transcription which inhibits gene expression

A

negative transcriptional control

39
Q

a type of transcriptional control which uses expressor or an activator protein to turn on transcription which triggers gene expression

A

positive transcriptional control

40
Q

two operons in prokaryores

A

Lactose Operon
Tryptophan Operon

41
Q

group of genes encoding enzymes for lactose utilization
-lactose as source of energy
-system is normally off

A

Lac Operon

42
Q

Lac Operon is normally ____ (off or on)

A

off; which causes small amount of enzymes

43
Q

LAC Operon in the presence of an inducer (on or off)

A

on; which is why it is called inducible system
-increased levels of enzymes

44
Q

Lac operon in the absence of the inducer (on or off)

A

off
-low level of enzymes

45
Q

components of the Lac operon

A
  1. Regulator gene (lac l)
  2. Promoter (P)
  3. Operator (O)
  4. Structural Genes
46
Q

a component of the Lac Operon where it produces an active repressor

A

regular gene (lac l)

47
Q

a component of the Lac Operon where RNA polymerase binds

A

Promoter (P)

48
Q

a component of the Lac Operon where active repressor binds

A

Operator (O)

49
Q

permease is encoded by the gene

A

lac

50
Q

a structural gene which facilitates the entrance of lactose into the cell

A

permease

51
Q

this codes for beta-galactosidase

A

lac z

52
Q

a structural gene which splits lactose into glucose + galactose
-converts lactose into an allolactose (inducer)

A

b-galactosidase

53
Q

___________ encodes for transacetylase

A

lac a

54
Q

this transfer an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to B-galactosidase
-not involved in lactose utilization

A

transacetylase

55
Q

group of genes encoding enzymes for tryptophan synthesis

A

Trp Operon

56
Q

Trp Operon is normally turn ___ but it must be turned _____

A

on; off

57
Q

what kind of system is lac operon

A

inducible system

58
Q

what kind of system is trp operon

A

repressible system

59
Q

component of the trp operon which produces an inactive repressor

A

regulator gene (trpR)

60
Q

component of the Trp Operon where RNA Polymerase binds

A

Promoter (P)

61
Q

component of the Trp Operon where active repressor binds
-formed from the aproprepressor + excess trp

A

operator (O)

62
Q

structural genes in trp operon which encodes enzyme for the synthesis of trytophan

A

trp E, trpD, trpC, trpB, A

63
Q

a type of eukaryotic gene regulation in which
-genes are quickly turned on and off
-purpose: rapid adjustment to local environment or physiological changes

A

short term regulation

64
Q

a type of eukaryotic gene regulation in which events are required for an organism to develop and differentiate

A

long term regulation

BIO 30 (9 decks)

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