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BIO 30 > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

study of the relationships between gene regulation and cell differentiation during development

A

Developmental Genetics

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2
Q

process of regulated growth that results of the interaction of the genome with the cytoplasm and the environment

A

development

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3
Q

what does the development involves?

A

-programmed sequence of phenotypic events typically irreversible
-differentiation

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4
Q

-formation of different cell types, tissues, and organs through specific regulation of gene expression

A

differentiation

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5
Q

development of the embryo

A

embryogenesis

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6
Q

-a point wherein when the cell reaches the point, it makes an irreversible commitment to follow a certain development path
(ex: formation of proteins by the eyes for the lenses)

A

determination

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7
Q

molecules of the cells found in the cytoplasm/cytoplasmic effector substances wich cause the cells to become irreversibly committed to perform a specialized function

A

determinants

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8
Q

T or F: determinants are only considered from maternal interaction

A

F: there are also proteins, and other molecules found in the cytoplasm that can be considered as determinants

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9
Q

the expression of cells’ specialized roles

A

differentiation

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10
Q

cells producing specialized proteins derived from luxury genes

A

specialized cells

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11
Q

where are specialized cells derive

A

luxury genes

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12
Q

genes that encode gene products that are not needed for survival

A

luxury genes

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13
Q

what are examples of luxury genes

A

RBC - hemoglobin (once they make hemoglobin, they make immature RBC)
beta cells of pancreas - insulin (once they make insulin, then there are comitted to become the beta cells of pancreas)

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14
Q

central question in developmental genetics

A

how does one cellular genotype give rise to many different cellular phenotypes

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15
Q

sets the initial cytoplasmic environment

A

maternal genome

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16
Q

triggers the switching on and off of genes as the zygote becomes an embryo and increases the number of cells

A

initial cytoplasmic environment

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17
Q

for initial cytoplasmic environment, the gene products will occupy a specific position in the egg
-the distribution is equal or not?

A

NOT - it is not necessary to be equal

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18
Q

when the cell divides, the cyclomatic environment of each cell witll be ____ from each other

A

distributed unequally

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19
Q

IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER
differential gene function is fundamental and intrinsic aspect of cell differentiation
Cell phenotype is a consequence of differential gene action or selective expression of its genes

A

IMPORTANTS POINT TO REMEMBER

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20
Q

transcriptional control in eukaryotes examples

A

Lac and Trop Operon

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21
Q

stage in the transcriptional control of eukaryotic gene expression where there is a selective DNA replication

A

pre-transcriptional

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22
Q

in the formation of organelles you need to have ___

A

ribosomal rna or ribosomes

23
Q

euchromatin tightly or loosely

A

loosely packed

24
Q

heterochromatin - tightly or loosely packed

A

tightly packed

25
Q

when the gene is in heterochromatin form, the expression is genes is turned ___ ON OR OFF

A

off because the tight coiling does not allow the entry of enzymees

26
Q

when the gene is in euchromatin form, the expression is genes is turned ___ ON OR OFF

A

on; it is active because it is loosely packed

27
Q

addition of methly group to Cystosine will lead to compact coiling of DNA; thus genes will be silenced

A

DNA methylation

28
Q

stage in the transcriptional control of eukaryotic gene expression where there is Differential RNA synthesis

A

Transcriptional Control

29
Q

the RNA is ____ (number; quantity) during meiosis or after fertilization in transcriptional control stage

A

0

30
Q

the sythesis of RNA in transcriptional control resumes during

A

Gastrulation

31
Q

process in animals where there is formation of germ layers

A

gastrulation

32
Q

if the TATA box is farther from the gene is used, then you will have a _______ (longer or shorter) transcript

A

longer

33
Q

if the TATA box is closer from the gene is used, then you will have a _______ (longer or shorter) transcript

A

shorter

34
Q

this is the process in which the length of the transcript is dependent on the position of the TATA box from the gene

A

differential polyadenylation

35
Q

if the poly A is site is farther from the gene you will have a ____ mRNA

A

longer

36
Q

if the poly A is site is closer from the gene you will have a ____ mRNA

A

shorter

37
Q

this is the process in which the length of the transcript is dependent on the position of the poly A from the gene

A

differential polyadenylation

38
Q

process where the cell has a choice depending on the signal as to which type of exons it will put together in transcriptional control

A

differential splicing

39
Q

mRNAs are degraded during differential splicing if they are not needed T or F

A

T

40
Q

stage in the transcriptional control of eukaryotic gene expression where there is selective translation

A

translational control

41
Q

process where there will be some mRNAs are selectively translated because they are needed

A

selective translation

42
Q

stability of mRNA
-the longer the poly A tail ____ the (more or less) stable the mRNA is in translational control

A

more

43
Q

once there is no more need for a specific protein, these particular proteins now help signal the mRNA coding for them

A

autoregulation

44
Q

stage in the transcriptional control of eukaryotic gene expression where there is modification of protein

A

post-translational control

45
Q

modification of a protein

A

polypeptides or proteins are modified in order for them to become functional

46
Q

example of marcomolecular synthesis

A

DNA synthesis or DNA replication in the nucleus

47
Q

two Nucleo-cytoplasmic interactions

A

-molecular exchanges
-control of macromolecular synthesis in the nucleus by the cytoplasm

48
Q

development of the form of the individual or morphology

A

morphogenesis

49
Q

Gene effects on the system of embryonic induction

A
50
Q

gene effects on the regulation of growth and metabolism

A

-effect of the metabolic process or pathway that is of prime importance to the organism
-a metabolic process is affected to some degree

51
Q

Gene effects on migrating cells

A

-genes affect differentiation and migration of cells to other regions

52
Q

examples of gene regulation in humans

A

-development of the fetus
1st trimester - head grows fast compared to other parts of the baby
-later part of 1st trimester and 2nd trimester where limbs develop faster and the development of the trunk

-development of the nose
-at birth infants have pug nose
-early child’s nose develops fastest and large nose in proporition to the other parts of the face
-after adolescene nose stops growing
-other parts of the face are growing

53
Q

T OR F: genes alone dictate the differences

A

FALSE it depends on molecular switches that tell genes when and where to turn on and off

BIO 30 (9 decks)

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