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BIO 30 > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

pointed out the connection between gees and enzymes

A

Archibald Garrod

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2
Q

a human disease in which urine turns black upon exposure to air

A

alkaptonuria

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3
Q

studied alkaptonuria

A

Archibald Garrod

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4
Q

is alkaptanoria genetically contorolled?

A

yes

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5
Q

what is non functional in the pathway in Alkaptonuria

A

HA oxidase ( this causes the accumulation of HA (alcapton) and leading to genetic block

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6
Q

what is not functional in the Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

phenylalanine hydroxylase

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7
Q

in Phenylketonuria, Phenylalanine is converted into _______ which inhibits the production of ______ since phenylpyruvic acid inhibits the function of Trp hydroxylase

A

phenylpyruvic acid - serotonin

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8
Q

In albinism, the enzyme that is non-functional is

A

tyrosinase

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9
Q

what does one-gene one enzyme hypothesis state?

A
  • a gene is responsible for an enzyme
  • an enzyme catalyzes a step in a metabolic reaction (if you have a mutant gene, therefore you will have a nonfunctional enzyme thus causing a genetic block in the metabolic pathway)
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10
Q

what does one-gene one protein state?

A

-Protein are gene products
-not all proteins are enzymes (enzymes only make a subset of proteins)
eg. keratin - structural protein of the hair
insulin - protein hormone

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11
Q

what does gene one polypetide state?

A

each polypeptide chain in a functional protein is encoded by a gene

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12
Q

polypeptides in hemoglobin

A

2 alpha and 2 beta chains

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13
Q

antibody of hemoglobin (how many heave chain and light chain)

A

2 heavy chain and 2 light chain

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14
Q

is replication a pre-requisite in gene expression

A

no (you have a separate pathway for it)

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15
Q

Contains information for making 1 RNA and most cases, 1 polypeptide

A

Gene

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16
Q

a DNA sequence to which transcription enzymes binds

A

promoter

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17
Q

the transcription enzyme

A

RNA polymerase

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18
Q

T OR F: conserved sequences - the sequence in different species is the same or conserved

A

T

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19
Q

Two bacterial sequences in the promoter

A
  • 10 seq. TATAAT (pribnow box)
  • 35 seq. TTGACA
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20
Q

upstream of the initation site means

A

bases prior to the initiation site

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21
Q

succeeding bases following the initiation site

A

(+) downstream

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22
Q

elements that are bound by the sigma factor and RNA polymerase to start transcription

A

-35 element TTGACA
-10 TATAAT or Pribnow box

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23
Q

direction of transcription

A

5 prime to 3 prime

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24
Q

In the Initiation, If template strand (anticoding) is in 3’-5’ direction, the synthesize will be at__________

A

antiparallel, 5’-3’

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25
Q

In the transcription, the RNA polymerase will use the template _______ which complements the coding strand

A

Anti-coding strand

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26
Q

the RNA polymerase at the promote site together with the sigma factor, they will bind the promoter site and start the complementation of the DNA with RNA bases starting at the +1 site

A
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27
Q

key enzyme in elongation

A

RNA polymerase

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28
Q

process where it will complement the DNA template strand in the 5’ to 3’ direction with respect to the elongating DNA

A

Elongation

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29
Q

during this process, the RNA polymerase will reach the terminator site

A

Termination

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30
Q

the Rho Factor aid in the termination of transcription

A

Rho dependent

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31
Q

some bacteria do not require the rho factor in the termination of transcrition

A

Rho independent termination

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32
Q

In transcription what will be produced is the exact copy of the coding strand but only in

A

RNA Form

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33
Q

In order to produce a copy of the coding strand of the DNA, the anticoding strand will be complemented to produce the mRNA which is the exact copy of the coding strand except instead of thymine, you have URACIL

A

MAIN TAKEAWAY IN TRANSCRIPTION

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34
Q

carries the message

35
Q

triplet of bases

36
Q

brings amino acids to the site of synthesis

A

transfer RNA

37
Q

the amino acids is attached in the __ of the tRNA

A

3 prime end (at the top)

38
Q

the tRNA has three arms, one important arm is called the __________

A

anticodon arm

39
Q

type of RNA which is a major component of the ribosomes

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

40
Q

In sverdberg value, the higher the ______ the more dense the component is

A

coefficient

41
Q

In prokaryotic ribosome, the small subunit _ S which is composed of the _ S rRNA and _ ribosomal proteins (all are numbers)

A

30 S (Svedberg Value)
16 S rRNA
21 ribosomal proteins

42
Q

In prokaryotic ribosome, the large subunit _ S which is composed of the _ S rRNA and _ S rRNA and _ ribosomal proteins (all are numbers)

A

50 S
23 and 5 S rRNA
31 ribosomal proteins

43
Q

the three sites of ribosomes

A

E, P, and A site

44
Q

Exit site in Ribosome

45
Q

Peptidyl-tRNA binding site (growing polypeptide: amino end) in Ribosome

46
Q

Aminoacyl-tRNA binding site (next amino acid to be added to polypeptide chain) in ribosome

47
Q

the site in the ribosomes where the tRNA binds with the growing polypeptide (amino end)

48
Q

the site in the ribosomes where the tRNA binds with the next amino acid to be added to polypeptide chain

49
Q

Prokaryotic Ribosome _ S
Eukaryotic Ribosome _ S

A

80S (40 S AND 60 S)
70S (30 S AND 50 S)

50
Q

mammalian subunits are not ___ , when you combine 40 S and 60 S, they form the 80 S

51
Q

boxes in Eukaryotic Transcription where the binding of the RNA polymerase and several transcription factors to initiate transcription

A

-25 to -30 TATA box (Goldberg-Hogness Box)
-75 to -80 CAAT box

52
Q

Prokaryotic Transcription - 1 kind of RNA polymerase
Eukaryotic Transcription - _ kinds of RNA polymerase

53
Q

Eukaryotic Transcription:
RNA Pol I - ________
RNA Pol II - _______
RNA Pol III - _______

A

large r RNAs

mRNAs

tRNAs
small rRNAs
other small nuclear RNAs

54
Q

3 base sequences in mRNA that species an amino acid

55
Q

3 base sequences in tRNA that base pairs with specific codon

56
Q

set of 64 codons and corresponding amino acids they stand for

A

Genetic Code

57
Q

single protein chain

A

polypeptide

58
Q

TRANSCRIPTION: message of the DNA is expressed into _____
TRANSLATION: eventually this would be translated into a

A

mRNA
polypeptide

59
Q

the anticoding strand will be used as template, it will be trasncribed to produce mRNA, that will be read codon by codon to specifiy the sequence of amino acids that will make up the polypeptide chain.

A

TRANSCRIPTION - TRASNLATION

60
Q

carries the specific amino acid

61
Q

three stop codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

62
Q

this will bond to the stop codon in the A site that will trigger the hydrolysis or release of the three polypeptide chain in the tRNA and disasembly of the large, small subunit, tRNA, and the rRNA

A

RF (Releasing Factor)

63
Q

find the mRNA sequence and amino acid sequence
DNA sequence:
TAC TTA GTA GCA TAA

A

AUG AAU CAU CGU AUU (Thymine-Adenine; Adenine - Uracil; Cytosine - Guanine)
Met Asn His Arg lle

64
Q

products of translation

A

polypeptide chain
primary protein structure - specified by the amino acid sequence
functional protein

65
Q

the modification, folding, and association with other polypeptides of the amino acid sequence leads to the formation of

A

functional protein

66
Q

in the _______ cell, translation and transcription can occur at the same time since they dont have compartments and they only have nuclear zone

A

prokaryotic

67
Q

in the _______ cell, translation and transcription can occur at the same time since they dont have compartments and they only have nuclear zone

A

prokaryotic

68
Q

in the _______ cell, translation and transcription can occur at the same time since they dont have compartments and they only have nuclear zone

A

prokaryotic

69
Q

In the _____ cell, transciption happens in the nucleus, and the messenger RNA travels outside the nucleus for the translation in the cytoplasm

A

eukaryotic cell

70
Q

where do the following processes occur in a eukaryotic cell?
Transcription:
Translation:

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm

71
Q

where do the following processes occur in a prokaryotic cell?

A

Transcription: Cytoplasm
Translation: Cytoplasm

72
Q

set of 61 codons that specify the amino acids

A

Genetic Code

73
Q

proposed the need for a genetic coding system

A

George Gamow (1950s)

74
Q

made synthetic RNAs using polynucleotide phosphorylase

A

Marianne Grunberg-Manago
Severo Ochoa

75
Q

Addition of CTP would yield _

76
Q

Addition of GTP would yield _

77
Q

addition of ATP would yield

78
Q

addition of UTP would yield _

79
Q

produced artificial mRNA and introduced into a cell free system

A

Marshall Nirenberg and Johann Heinrich Matthaei (1961)

80
Q

Nirenberg and Matthaei
-combination of _______ (______) gave polyphenylalanine

A

poly U (UUU)

81
Q

Nirenberg and Matthaei
-combination of _______ (______) gave proline

A

poly C (CCC)

82
Q
  1. established the code for several amino acids and
  2. proposed that the genetic code is triplet
    1 nucleotide = 1 amino acid 94 types of amino acids)
    4^2 = 16 (short of 4 a.a.)
    4 = number of paces
    2 = number of bases

4^3 = 64 (more than 20 amino acids)

  1. proposed that the code is degenerate
    -one a.a. may be coded for more than one codon
  2. the code is not overlapping
  3. the base sequence is read from a fixed start point
  4. Proposed the Wobble hypothesis
    -precise pairing occurs in the 1st and 2nd bases of the codon and anticodon
A

Francis Crick and his students

83
Q

-Constructed synthetic mRNA with different repeating nucleotide combinations
-deduced UCU - serine CUC - leucine
-Used repeating dinucleotide, trinucleotide, tetranucleotide synthetic mRNA
-Contributed to the final identification of codons for the 20 amino acids

A

Har Gobind Khorana

84
Q

Who won the Nobel Prize in 1968 for cracking or elucidating genetic code

A

Khorana, Nirenberg, and Holley

BIO 30 (9 decks)

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