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Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between the Genetic Material of Prokaryotic Cell and Eukaryotic Cell

A

Prokaryotic cell - genetic material is enclosed in a nuclear zone (nucleoid) and it is freely suspended in the cytoplasm
Eukaryotic - a true nucleus, also has intracellular membranes and membrane-bound nucleus
-

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2
Q

The genetic material of Eukaryotic Cell is housed within the nucleus separated from _____ by _____

A

cytoplasm and nuclear membrane

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3
Q

When is Chromatin only present

A

during the interphase

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4
Q

Where is chromatin found

A

nucleus

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5
Q

It is the compact form of chromatin
-physically visible

A

Chromosome

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6
Q

site for producing and assembling cell’s ribosomes, conspicuous domain in nucleus

A

Nucleolus

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7
Q

a series of vents for the cell to grow and divide

A

Cell Cyle

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8
Q

two parts of Cell Cycle

A

Interphase and M Phase

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9
Q

Two types of M Phase

A

Mitosis and Meiosis

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10
Q

non-dividing stage of the cell cycle

A

Interphase

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11
Q

The longest phase of the typical cell cycle

A

S phase

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12
Q

What happens during the G1 Phase in Interphase

A

-Cell increases volume by absorbing water and nutrients
-Builds new protoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles

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13
Q

What happens during the S Phase

A

DNA is replicated

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14
Q

What phase is when the DNA gets replicated

A

S phase

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15
Q

also known as the synthesis stage in Interphase

A

S phase

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16
Q

what happens during the G2 phase

A

synthesizes RNA and proteins for chromosome and spindle assembly.

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17
Q

What is now the 3 scenarios by the end of G2

A

-Cell is ready to divide
-Genetic Material is Duplicated
-Double Chromatin Fiber is folded to become a Chromsome

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18
Q

the chromosome is composed of chain of _________

A

nucleosomes

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19
Q

what are the 2 components of the CHROSOME

A

Nucleosome core + DNA

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20
Q

Why is nucleosome core an octameric core

A

-because it has 8 protein complex (H2A, H2B, H3, H4)

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21
Q

what are the four protein complexes in an octameric core

A

H2A, H2B, H3, H4

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22
Q

Folded Chromatin Fiber

A

Chromosomes

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23
Q

Describe the processes of Chromosome Folding (Aralin)

A
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24
Q

Human Chromosome Count

A

2n = 46

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25
Q

how many kinds of chromosomes are there

A

23

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26
Q

46 chromosomes in zygote: 23 chromosomes from ____ cell and 23 chromosomes from ______ cell

A

sperm and egg

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27
Q

What is a solenoid

A

6 nucleusomes pero coil

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28
Q

Chromosome has a number of ___ sister chromatids

A

2

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29
Q

primary constriction of the chromosome

A

centromere

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30
Q

disc-shaped protein attached to centromere

A

kinetochore

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31
Q

______ are attached in kinetochore during cell division; they pull sister chromatids apart

A
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32
Q

tips or ends of chromosomes

A

telomeres

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33
Q

what is the long arm of a chromosom

A

q (lovers’ quarrel)

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34
Q

short arm of a chromosome

A

p

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35
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: 1 centromere = 2 chromosomes

A

False; as long as the duplicates are still together, and are still a single unit, they are counted as a single chromosome

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36
Q

Satellites in a chromosomes are known as ______________

A

CYTOLOGICAL MARKERS wherein they are permanent

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37
Q

these are the segments of chromosomes that contain the genes for ribosomal RNA

A

NOR

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38
Q

hold the chromatin into compact chromosome

A

protein scaffold

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39
Q

median position of centromere

A

metacentric

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40
Q

submedian position of centromere

A

submetacentric

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41
Q

subterminal position of metacentric

A

acrocentric

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42
Q

terminal position of centromere

A

telocentric

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43
Q

in this stage of the cell cycle, it is morphogically identical but biochemically distinguishable

44
Q

What is the structure of the DNA form during S phase

45
Q

the fastest phase of Interphase

46
Q

how many hours do human cells proliferate

A

24 hours (typical 24 hr cycle)

47
Q

hours of G1 phase

48
Q

S phase hours

49
Q

G2 phase hours

50
Q

M phase hours

51
Q

division of the nucleus

A

karyokinesis

52
Q

division of cytoplasm

A

cytokinesis

53
Q

T OR F: karyokinesis is only observed during mitosis

A

FALSE: mitosis and meiosis

54
Q

Equational Division

A

Mitosis and Meiosis II

55
Q

purpose of mitosis in unicellullar organisms

A

reproduction

56
Q

purpose of mitosis to multicellular organisms

A

repair of worn out tissues, production of somatic or body cells

57
Q

in what way do the daughter cell in mitosis is similar to its parent cells? (3)

A

chromosome number, type, and composition

58
Q

a diploid parent cell gives rise to ___ diploid daughter cells that are like each other and the same as the parental cell

59
Q

first to note and describe how chromosomes moving during mitosis

A

Walter Flemming

60
Q
  • chromosomes condense and are visibly composed of sister chromatids
  • Nuclear membrane disintegrates
  • Spindle fibers begin to form
61
Q
  • Chromosomes line up at equatorial plane with spindle fibers attached to them
  • Spindle assembly initiates where spindle fibers attached to kinetochore protein
62
Q
  • Sister chromatids are separated and are pulled toward opposite poles (by the shortening/depolymerizing of spindle fibers)
  • Centromere divided longitudinally but are functionally double
  • Each sister chromatid becomes full-fledged chromosome
  • Distribution of cytoplasmic contents begin
63
Q

Count of chromosomes is based per ____ in Anaphase

64
Q
  • Chromosomes reach opposite poles and form 2 groups, each with same # of chromosomes
  • Chromosomes become less condensed
  • New nuclear structures form
65
Q

Cytokinesis happens after _________

66
Q

What is the reductional division

67
Q

union of two haploid cells (gametes) for formation of diploid zygoteunion of two haploid cells (gametes) for formation of diploid zygote

A

Fertilization

68
Q

transitional stage that occurs between Meiosis I and II

A

Interkinesis

69
Q
  • Thin thread stage (similar to mitosis) Chromatin appear as long thin threads with many beadlike structures (Chromomeres)
  • Replicated chromosomes condense
70
Q
  • SYNAPSIS: homologous chromosomes pair physically
  • BIVALENT II: forms due to synapsis (consist of 4 chromatids) – essential for crossing over
  • Adjoining phase
  • Chiasmata hold II together
71
Q

Pairing of homologous chromosomes

72
Q

Homologous chromosomes have the same _____, ______, and ____

A

genetic material or composition, position of centromere, loci, and length

73
Q

forms due to synapsis (consists of 4 chromatids) essential for crossing over

A

Bivalent II

74
Q

holds the II together

75
Q

where crossing over takes place

76
Q
  • Crossing over
  • Chromatids undergo repair when damaged that can involve crossing over
77
Q

formed on point of chromatid exchange; X shaped region during crossing over
- Nucleolus is evident

78
Q
  • Leads to genetic recombination (exchange of genes)
79
Q
  • synaptonemal complex dissociates
  • bivalent separates from centromere = start to appear as double
  • chromosomes shortens and Chiasma terminalizes
80
Q

where the synaptonemal complex forms

81
Q

where the synaptonemal complex terminates

82
Q
  • Bivalents are evenly distributed
  • Best stage to establish chromosome number
  • Nucleolus disintegrate – nucleus membrane is fragmented
A

Diakinesis

83
Q
  • Bivalent aligns at equatorial plane and forms spindle fiber
A

Metaphase I

84
Q
  • Separation of bivalent II to univalent I
A

Anaphase I

85
Q
  • Accounts for the reductional division (each group of chromosome is composed of haploid number)
A

Anaphase I

86
Q

how many haploid cells are formed during telophase I?

87
Q
  • Chromosomes regroup at opposite poles
  • Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear
A

Telophase I

88
Q
  • Chromosomes condense
  • Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate
A

Prophase II/Prophase

89
Q
  • New spindles are formed
  • Chromosomes align at equatorial in metaphase plate
A

Metaphase II/Metaphase

90
Q

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

A

Anaphase II

91
Q

Chromosomes uncoil and lengthen
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear
Cytokinesis occurs
4 distincty hapl

91
Q

Chromosomes uncoil and lengthen
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear
Cytokinesis occurs
4 distinct haploid cells occurs

A

Telophase II/ Telophase

92
Q

How many haploid cells are formed during telophase II

93
Q
  • Complete set of genes or chromosomes coming from male or female parent
94
Q

Manila hemp (Abaca)
2n = 2x = 20 (Diploid)
What is the Somatic and Gametic Chromosome Number

A

Somatic: 2n = 20
Gametic: n =10

95
Q

_____ CHROMOSOME NUMBER: Diploid # 2n
_____ CHROMOSOME NUMBER: Haploid # n

A

Somatic
Gametic

96
Q

Genetic content during G2 Phase

96
Q

genetic content during S phase

96
Q

genetic content during G1 Phase

96
Q

If equational division, Cell with 2C will also produce identical cells which have ___

97
Q

Known as the diploid dominant cycle

A

Gametic Life Cycle

98
Q
  • TERMINAL or GAMETIC MEIOSIS
  • Animals and lower plants
  • Diploid dominant life cycle
  • Meiosis occur to form male and female gametes, the only haploid cells produces
  • Diploid zygote is produced during fertilization and divides mitotically into a multicellular diploid individual
A

Gametic Life Cycle

99
Q

Initial or Zygotic Meiosis

A

Zygotic Life Cycle

100
Q
  • INTERMEDIARY or SPORIC MEIOSIS
A

Sporic Life Cycle

101
Q
  • produce gametes and meiosis is not typically involved
A

Gametophytes

102
Q
  • multicellular diploid plant produced through the fertilization of gametes that form the diploid zygote that will undergo rounds of mitosis
  • Specialized cells of the sporophyte are the ones that undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores which will eventually develop into the haploid gametophyte
A

Saphrophytes

BIO 30 (9 decks)

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