Lecture 9 Flashcards
change in the genetic material that is heritable and permanent
Mutation
chnage involving the whole genome or entire sent of chromosomes
-multiplication of one or more genome
euploidy
-also referred to as basic chromosome number
-complete set of chromosomes or genes from male or female parent
Genome (X)
genome is represented by __________ (uppercase or loweracase) letters
uppercase/capital
example: AA, AABBDD, AAB
in the case of true diploid, X is equal to ________
n = haploid no.
if you have 24 chromosomes in a dipload 2N = 24 , you will have _ bivalents, _ from the mother, _ from the father
12
in 24 chromosomes, how many bivalents are in diakinesis or metaphase I?
12
in 24 chromosomes, how many univalents are in anaphase I per pole
12 univalents per pole
in 24 chromosomes, how many univalents are in telophase I per pole
12 univalents per pole (fertile gamete)
how many sets of chromosomes are there in monoploid
1 (X)
how many sets of chromosomes are there in polyploid
Three-Six (3X-6X)
-more than two sets of genome in an individual
the basic genome being multiplied is identical
autopolypoid
the basic genome being multiplied is not identical
allopolyploid
if you have a diploid invididual of 2X, how many bivalents are there?
4
2X (1,2,3,4)
(1,2,3,4)
-2 sets of chromosome, 4 bivalents because first chromosome will be paired to first, and so on and so forth
2n=8 (Chromsome number = 8)
if you have a autotriploid invididual (AAA) 3x, how many bivalents and chromosome number?
4 TRIVALENTS
1,2,3,4
1,2,3,4
1,2,3,4
3 sets of chromosome, 4 trivalents because first chromsome will be paired to first, and so on and so forth
2n = 12 (Chromosome number = 12)
if you have a autotetraploid, (AAAA) 4x, how many bivalents and chromosome number?
4 QUADRIVALENTS
1,2,3,4
1,2,3,4
1,2,3,4
1,2,3,4
4 sets of chromosome or 4 genome, 4 QUADRIVALENTS
because first chromsome will be paired to first, and so on and so forth
2n = 16 (Chrosome number = 16)
if you have a allotetraplod, (AABB) 4x, how many bivalents and chromosome number?
4 QUADRIVALENTS PER SET (2 SETS)
(1,2,3,4) (5,6,7,8)
(1,2,3,4) (5,6,7,8)
4II 4II
4 sets of chromosome or 4 genome but INTO TWO SETS, 4 QUADRIVALENTS PER SET
because first chromsome will be paired to first, and so on and so forth
Chromosome Config: 8II
2n = 16 (Chrosome number = 16)
if you have an allohexaploid, (AABBDD) 6x, how many bivalents and chromosome number?
4 QUADRIVALENTS PER SET (3 SETS)
(1,2,3,4) (5,6,7,8) (9,10,11,12)
(1,2,3,4) (5,6,7,8) (9,10,11,12)
4II 4II 4II
6 sets of chromosome or 6 genome but INTO THREE SETS, 4 QUADRIVALENTS PER SET
because first chromsome will be paired to first, and so on and so forth
Chromosome Config: 12II
2n = 16 (Chrosome number = 24)
term used to refer to fertile individuals
amphidiploid
doubling of chromosome allows for univalents to become
bivalents
Example:
AB
chromsome doubling
= AA BB
if the offspring or the generation is _____ you cannot breed or it cannot pass genes anymore
sterile
it is not possible or it is difficult to combine genomes of different ____________
origin
a type of segregation in autotetraploids where genes are close to the centromere
-you have to put the alleles in figure to find the gametes assign
random chromosome type segregation
a type of segregation in autotetraploids where genes are far from the centromere
-you use the GAMETIC series in figure to find the gametes assign
random chromatid type segregation
multiplication of one or more genome
euploidy
addition or subtraction of one or more chromosomes
aneuploidy
addition of one chromosome in the genome
trisonic (2n+1)
addition of two chromosomes in the genome wherein two chromosomes are different from one another
double trisonic (2n+1+1)
addition of two chromosomes in the genome wherein two chromosomes are same from one another
tetrasonic (2n+2)
univalent = 1 chromosome bivalent = 2 chromosomes (para di ka lang malito)
therefore
1III + 3II
3 + 6
chromosome no. = ?
9
subtraction of two chromosomes in the genome wherein two chromosomes are same from one another
nullisomic (2n-2)
subtraction of two chromosomes in the genome wherein two chromosomes are different from one another
double monosomic (2n-1-1)
subtraction of a chromosome in the genome
monosomic (2n-1)
a type of structural aberration which involves missing of chromosome segment
deletion
a type of structural aberration which involves repeated chromosome segment
duplication
a type of structural aberration which involves exchange of chromosome segments involving non homologous chromosomes
translocation
a type of structural aberration which involves the insertion of chromosome segment in a different order
inversion
what happens when structural aberration is homozygous
the two chromosomes in homologous pair are affected
what happens when structural aberration is heterozygous
-only one of the chromosomes in the homologous pair is affected (structural hybrids)
in homozygous for duplication, segments will be duplicated in ________ (both, one) homologue or chromosome
both
in heterozygous for duplication, segments will be duplicated in ________ (both, one) homologue or chromosome
one only
a type of inversion in structural aberration where the centromere is not included in the inverted segment
paracentric inversion
a type of inversion in structural aberration where the centromere is included in the inverted segment
pericentric inverstion
homozygous inversion, is there still pairing? yes or no what case is the different from this?
yes; you won’t have pairing if it is heterozygous inversion in the case of paracentric version; pairing will be disrupted because each of the segments won’t be able to find its exact pair
what fragments are formed for heterozygous for paracentric inversion
bridge and acentric fragment
what is the result of heterozygous for reciprocal translocation
formation of a quadrivalents which lead to a ring or chain
rings and chains would result to duplication and deletion thus producing _______ gametes
sterile
alternate or zigzag configuration segregation won’t have duplication and deletion thus producing _______ gametes
fertile
gens that increase the rates of mutation
mutator genes
What does treffers mutator gene does in E.coli
change A-T to C-G during replication
genes that can move and insert itself into the gene
-it knocks out the gene and make it lose its function makes it inactivated
transposons or jumping genes or mobile genetic elements
credited for the revertible mutants in corn
Barba Mc Clintock
two genes in Ac-Ds system by Mc Clintock that works together or coexist with one another which transpose the location of gene C (COLOR) anthocynanin
Ac - encodes a transposase
Ds - suprresor of color formation
If there is no transposition occuring (Ac-Ds remains) what color is the corn
purple kernel
If there is transposition occuring (Ac-Ds will not remain where Ac-Ds transposed into C) what color is the corn
white kernel
process where there is a change in a single nucleotide or few adjacent molecules
gene mutation or point mutation
a type of gene or point mutation which involves transition (purine being substituded by purine and pyrimidine substituted by pyrimidine) and transversion (purine substituted by pyrimidine, pyrimidine substituted by purine)
base pair substitution
three types of amino acid substituion in point mutations
nonsense
same sense
missense
a type of gene or point mutation which involves transition which involve insertion or deletion of a base and make changes in the reading frame
frameshift mutation
