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BIO 30 > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

change in the genetic material that is heritable and permanent

A

Mutation

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2
Q

chnage involving the whole genome or entire sent of chromosomes
-multiplication of one or more genome

A

euploidy

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3
Q

-also referred to as basic chromosome number
-complete set of chromosomes or genes from male or female parent

A

Genome (X)

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4
Q

genome is represented by __________ (uppercase or loweracase) letters

A

uppercase/capital
example: AA, AABBDD, AAB

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5
Q

in the case of true diploid, X is equal to ________

A

n = haploid no.

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6
Q

if you have 24 chromosomes in a dipload 2N = 24 , you will have _ bivalents, _ from the mother, _ from the father

A

12

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7
Q

in 24 chromosomes, how many bivalents are in diakinesis or metaphase I?

A

12

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8
Q

in 24 chromosomes, how many univalents are in anaphase I per pole

A

12 univalents per pole

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9
Q

in 24 chromosomes, how many univalents are in telophase I per pole

A

12 univalents per pole (fertile gamete)

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10
Q

how many sets of chromosomes are there in monoploid

A

1 (X)

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11
Q

how many sets of chromosomes are there in polyploid

A

Three-Six (3X-6X)
-more than two sets of genome in an individual

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12
Q

the basic genome being multiplied is identical

A

autopolypoid

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13
Q

the basic genome being multiplied is not identical

A

allopolyploid

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14
Q

if you have a diploid invididual of 2X, how many bivalents are there?

A

4
2X (1,2,3,4)
(1,2,3,4)
-2 sets of chromosome, 4 bivalents because first chromosome will be paired to first, and so on and so forth
2n=8 (Chromsome number = 8)

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15
Q

if you have a autotriploid invididual (AAA) 3x, how many bivalents and chromosome number?

A

4 TRIVALENTS

1,2,3,4
1,2,3,4
1,2,3,4

3 sets of chromosome, 4 trivalents because first chromsome will be paired to first, and so on and so forth
2n = 12 (Chromosome number = 12)

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16
Q

if you have a autotetraploid, (AAAA) 4x, how many bivalents and chromosome number?

A

4 QUADRIVALENTS

1,2,3,4
1,2,3,4
1,2,3,4
1,2,3,4

4 sets of chromosome or 4 genome, 4 QUADRIVALENTS
because first chromsome will be paired to first, and so on and so forth
2n = 16 (Chrosome number = 16)

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17
Q

if you have a allotetraplod, (AABB) 4x, how many bivalents and chromosome number?

A

4 QUADRIVALENTS PER SET (2 SETS)
(1,2,3,4) (5,6,7,8)
(1,2,3,4) (5,6,7,8)
4II 4II

4 sets of chromosome or 4 genome but INTO TWO SETS, 4 QUADRIVALENTS PER SET
because first chromsome will be paired to first, and so on and so forth
Chromosome Config: 8II
2n = 16 (Chrosome number = 16)

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18
Q

if you have an allohexaploid, (AABBDD) 6x, how many bivalents and chromosome number?

A

4 QUADRIVALENTS PER SET (3 SETS)
(1,2,3,4) (5,6,7,8) (9,10,11,12)
(1,2,3,4) (5,6,7,8) (9,10,11,12)
4II 4II 4II

6 sets of chromosome or 6 genome but INTO THREE SETS, 4 QUADRIVALENTS PER SET
because first chromsome will be paired to first, and so on and so forth
Chromosome Config: 12II
2n = 16 (Chrosome number = 24)

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19
Q

term used to refer to fertile individuals

A

amphidiploid

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20
Q

doubling of chromosome allows for univalents to become

A

bivalents
Example:
AB
chromsome doubling
= AA BB

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21
Q

if the offspring or the generation is _____ you cannot breed or it cannot pass genes anymore

A

sterile

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22
Q

it is not possible or it is difficult to combine genomes of different ____________

A

origin

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23
Q

a type of segregation in autotetraploids where genes are close to the centromere
-you have to put the alleles in figure to find the gametes assign

A

random chromosome type segregation

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24
Q

a type of segregation in autotetraploids where genes are far from the centromere
-you use the GAMETIC series in figure to find the gametes assign

A

random chromatid type segregation

25
Q

multiplication of one or more genome

A

euploidy

26
Q

addition or subtraction of one or more chromosomes

A

aneuploidy

27
Q

addition of one chromosome in the genome

A

trisonic (2n+1)

28
Q

addition of two chromosomes in the genome wherein two chromosomes are different from one another

A

double trisonic (2n+1+1)

29
Q

addition of two chromosomes in the genome wherein two chromosomes are same from one another

A

tetrasonic (2n+2)

30
Q

univalent = 1 chromosome bivalent = 2 chromosomes (para di ka lang malito)
therefore
1III + 3II
3 + 6
chromosome no. = ?

A

9

31
Q

subtraction of two chromosomes in the genome wherein two chromosomes are same from one another

A

nullisomic (2n-2)

32
Q

subtraction of two chromosomes in the genome wherein two chromosomes are different from one another

A

double monosomic (2n-1-1)

33
Q

subtraction of a chromosome in the genome

A

monosomic (2n-1)

34
Q

a type of structural aberration which involves missing of chromosome segment

A

deletion

35
Q

a type of structural aberration which involves repeated chromosome segment

A

duplication

36
Q

a type of structural aberration which involves exchange of chromosome segments involving non homologous chromosomes

A

translocation

37
Q

a type of structural aberration which involves the insertion of chromosome segment in a different order

A

inversion

38
Q

what happens when structural aberration is homozygous

A

the two chromosomes in homologous pair are affected

39
Q

what happens when structural aberration is heterozygous

A

-only one of the chromosomes in the homologous pair is affected (structural hybrids)

40
Q

in homozygous for duplication, segments will be duplicated in ________ (both, one) homologue or chromosome

A

both

41
Q

in heterozygous for duplication, segments will be duplicated in ________ (both, one) homologue or chromosome

A

one only

42
Q

a type of inversion in structural aberration where the centromere is not included in the inverted segment

A

paracentric inversion

43
Q

a type of inversion in structural aberration where the centromere is included in the inverted segment

A

pericentric inverstion

44
Q

homozygous inversion, is there still pairing? yes or no what case is the different from this?

A

yes; you won’t have pairing if it is heterozygous inversion in the case of paracentric version; pairing will be disrupted because each of the segments won’t be able to find its exact pair

45
Q

what fragments are formed for heterozygous for paracentric inversion

A

bridge and acentric fragment

46
Q

what is the result of heterozygous for reciprocal translocation

A

formation of a quadrivalents which lead to a ring or chain

47
Q

rings and chains would result to duplication and deletion thus producing _______ gametes

A

sterile

48
Q

alternate or zigzag configuration segregation won’t have duplication and deletion thus producing _______ gametes

A

fertile

49
Q

gens that increase the rates of mutation

A

mutator genes

50
Q

What does treffers mutator gene does in E.coli

A

change A-T to C-G during replication

51
Q

genes that can move and insert itself into the gene
-it knocks out the gene and make it lose its function makes it inactivated

A

transposons or jumping genes or mobile genetic elements

52
Q

credited for the revertible mutants in corn

A

Barba Mc Clintock

53
Q

two genes in Ac-Ds system by Mc Clintock that works together or coexist with one another which transpose the location of gene C (COLOR) anthocynanin

A

Ac - encodes a transposase
Ds - suprresor of color formation

54
Q

If there is no transposition occuring (Ac-Ds remains) what color is the corn

A

purple kernel

55
Q

If there is transposition occuring (Ac-Ds will not remain where Ac-Ds transposed into C) what color is the corn

A

white kernel

56
Q

process where there is a change in a single nucleotide or few adjacent molecules

A

gene mutation or point mutation

57
Q

a type of gene or point mutation which involves transition (purine being substituded by purine and pyrimidine substituted by pyrimidine) and transversion (purine substituted by pyrimidine, pyrimidine substituted by purine)

A

base pair substitution

58
Q

three types of amino acid substituion in point mutations

A

nonsense
same sense
missense

59
Q

a type of gene or point mutation which involves transition which involve insertion or deletion of a base and make changes in the reading frame

A

frameshift mutation

BIO 30 (9 decks)

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