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BIO 30 > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

study of mechanisms that change gene expression by modifying the DNA without modifying its base sequence

A

Epigenetics

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2
Q

T or F: In epigenetics, we do not modify the bases, rather we modify the groups attached to them

A

T

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3
Q

study of the changes in the regulation of gene activity and expression that are not dependent on gene sequence

A

Epigenetics

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4
Q

Epigenetics is also involved in ___________

A

development

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5
Q

epigenetics - all the cells are genetically alike but they perform different functions because of

A

epigenetics

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6
Q

towards maturation, an individual will have different types of cells and different types of tissues but basically they originated from the same zygote.
-modified because of _______

A

genetics

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7
Q

In epigenetics, different types of tissues will be performing the same tissues, but these tissues came from the original or same ___

A

zygote

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8
Q

epigenome - wide distribution of epigenetic marks found in the top of the _______

A

genome

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9
Q

patterns of gene expression in epigenetics are governed by ________

A

epigenome

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10
Q

they tell which genes to switch on or off in epigenetics

A

epigenome

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11
Q

these are mechanisms that control accessibility of the genome at right time and place

A

epigenetic mechanisms

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12
Q

in DNA methylation, addition of methyl in cystosine of ____________ di-nucleotides

A

5’ - CG - 3’

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13
Q

in DNA methylation, ____ genes are less methylated
(hypermethylated: inactive genes)

A

active

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14
Q

example of methylation (agouti)
-methylate = ________
-not methylated = _______

A

methylated = healthy, brown
unmethylated = obese, yellow mouse; at risk for cancers and tumors

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15
Q

takeaway: the presence of the methyl group ______ (trigger, silence the expression for the trait or phenotype

A

silence

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16
Q

T or F Epigenetic patterns are only determined by epigenome and not by the environment

A

F: epigenetic patters can be affected by the environment

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17
Q

are epigenetic modifications passed across generations?

A

Yes; if the diet of the methyl group to earlier generations, then it can be manifested by the offsprings
-mother needs to have a healthy diet because it would affect the offspring

18
Q

a type of epigentic mechanism that involves of addition of methly group to the histone tails which consequently tightens up DNA thus restricting the transcription factors to access the promotor regions hence allowing or activating TRANSCRIPTION (mawawalan kasi ng barrier which are yung transcription factors)

A

modification of histones

19
Q

a type of epigenetic mechanism under the modifcation of histones which involves the addition of acetyl group to histone tails which unravels the DNA making genes more available for activation

A

acetylation

20
Q

main difference between methylation and acetylation

A

methylation would allow for SILENCING of the gene while (MS)
acetylation would allow for EXPRESSION of the gene (

21
Q

a type of epigenetic mechanism that regulates the stability of your RNA

A

non-coding RNA

22
Q

who discovered the non coding RNA epigenetic mechanism

A

Andrew Z. Fire
Craig C. Mello
(Nobel Prize in 2006 for the discovery of RNA interference (RNAi)

23
Q

non coding RNA which comes in double stranded form is used to silence the expression of target genes (what mechanism?)

A

non-coding RNA

24
Q

two types of RNA that is derived from RNAi

A

-micro RNA (miRNA)
-short interfering RNA (sirRNA)

25
Q

when miRNA base pair with specific mRNA does it inhibit or trigger translation?

A

it inhibits translation

26
Q

derived from double stranded RNA that may be involved in signalling
apoptosis
cell differentiation
development

A

miRNAs (micro RNA)

27
Q

when siRNA base pair with specific mRNA what does it cause?

A

mRNA degradation

28
Q

epigenomes can be affected by _______

A

environmental factors

29
Q

they improperly turn on and off the genes

A

environmental factors

30
Q

T or F: do diet and stress can influence the epigenome of an individual

A

T

31
Q

T or F: Prenatal nutrition DOES not affect epigenome

A

False
ex: Folate is a strong methyl donor that is found in food
-folate for pregnant women can prevent neural tube defects

32
Q

what day does the neutral tube develops during pregnancy

A

28th day

33
Q

pregnant mothers must take what kind of vitamin?

A

Vitamin B9 or Folic acid (recommended: 400 micrograms of folic acid/day)
4000 micrograms (previous baby with neural tube defects)

34
Q

can we manipulate epigenetic marks?

A

YES epigenetic drugs can be developed to treat different illnesses
-these drugs could silence bad genes and turn on good genes
Ex: Drug that can turn on tumor suppressor genes

35
Q

this process is involved in oxytocin receptor expression
-in autistic children, reduced expression of oxytocin receptor gene due to this process

A

methylation

36
Q

T or F drug that can modify methylation of oxytocin receptor gene has a potential to treat autism

A

True

37
Q

study on how food affect our genes

A

nutrigenomics or nutritional genomics

38
Q

how genetic differences can affect the way we respond to nutrients and other naturally occuring compounds in the food we eat?

A

foundational question in nutrigenomics

39
Q

study of molecular relationships between nutrition and response of genes

A

nutrigenomics

40
Q

five tenets of nutrigenomics

A
  1. diet can be a serious risk factor for a number of dieases
    2.gene expression and structure of the human genome can be altered directly or indirectly by the chemicals in our diet
  2. the degree to which diet influences the balance between healthy and disease states may depend on the genetic makeup of an individual
  3. some diet-regulated genes are likely to play a role in the onset, incidence, progression and or severity of chronic disease
  4. dietary intervention based on knowledge of nutritional requirement, nutritional status, and genotype can be used to prevent, mitigate or cure chronic diseases
41
Q

nutrients can reverse or change epigenetic phenoma
such as

A

DNA methylation
histone modification

42
Q

nutrition can modify the expression of critical genes associated with

A

-physiologic and pathologic processes
-embryonic development
-aging

BIO 30 (9 decks)

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