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A: Russia General > Lenin Foreign Policy complete > Flashcards

Lenin Foreign Policy complete Flashcards

1
Q

Was the Treaty of Brest Litovsk more of a success or failure?

A

It was a success as it pulled Russia out of the war
It was a failure because the conditions were costly and Russia’s former allies felt betrayed by the peace negotiations with Germany - became hostile

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2
Q

In the Civil War where was the foreign intervention stationed?

A

Widespread areas such as the Baltic sea, Black sea and far east

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3
Q

Limitation of foreign intervention?

A

Number of troops engaged was small They did little direct fighting as they remained at their bases and only fought minor skirmishes

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4
Q

Main reason for foreign intervention?

A

Keep Russia fighting in the WW1- this would delay the mass transfer of German forces from the east to the west

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5
Q

Lesser motives for foreign intervention?

A

Protect vast dumps of armaments and war materials that had been shipped to Russia during WW1 and they did not want the Bolsheviks to have control of this

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6
Q

What caused the change of motive for foreign intervention?

A

The German armistice in 1918- the motive was now to combat Bolshevism

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7
Q

Why could the motives for foreign intervention be described as confused?

A

None of the allies wanted to fight a major war, there was little coordination between foreign allies and there was an uncertainty over which anti-Bolshevik leaders to support- muddled thinking

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8
Q

Which country was reluctant to intervene?

A

America

France was also divided when regarding public opinion

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9
Q

Which country provided the most intervention?

A

American- 11,000 troops at Vladivostok

4500 in North Russia- Pulled out June 1919

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10
Q

British foreign intervention?

A

British forces attacked at Murmansk, navy also blockaded trade to Russia through the Baltic sea
Occupied Baku- much of where Russia’s oil supply came from

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11
Q

France intervention?

A

Blockaded trade through Black and Caspian sea

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12
Q

Conflicts in Britain regarding intervention?

A

Politicians wanted maximum effort to smash Bolshevism while socialists and trade unionists strongly opposed intervention- policy was agreed as ‘no intervention just aid white armies when possible’

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13
Q

What was Lenin’s peace offering 1919/

A

Wilson sent US diplomat Bullitt on a secret mission to discuss peace. Lenin was worried about anti-Bolshevik victories and the impact of the Blockade of trade therefore he was prepared to tolerate the continuation of temporary anti Bolshevik governments in parts of Russia

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14
Q

Outcome of 1919 peace offering?

A

Lapsed
Britain and France were hostile regarding peace
Wilson did not back Bullitt

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15
Q

What secured Bolshevik survival against foreign intervention?

A

Military successes of the Red Army under Trotsky

Dis-organisation and internal feuds among the anti Bolsheviks

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16
Q

Success of foreign intervention?

A

Initially foreign support allowed for the whites to achieve initial advances

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17
Q

Positive outcome for Russia after intervention?

A

British cabinet agreed to negotiate a trade agreement with Bolshevik Russia accepting the recognition of the Soviet State

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18
Q

What was the Comintern?

A

International socialist organisation promoting Marxism and spreading a ‘Proletariat revolution’

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19
Q

Why did the Comintern increase the international recognition of Russia?

A

Although not all those invited were willing or able to intend, 50 delegates from all over Europe, America, Australia and Japan attended

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20
Q

Who was the chairman of the Comintern?

A

Zinoviev- dominating influence was still Lenin

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21
Q

Attitude as a result of Comintern?

A

Great optimism about the prospects of the spread of a revolution

22
Q

What was the Spartacus uprising?

A

Although Germany was believed to be ripe for revolution, communist revolutionaries in Germany were brutally crushed by armed German militias in Jan 1919

23
Q

What was the focus of the 1st Comintern?

A

Lenin promoted the Soviet system as the best way of spreading Marxism

24
Q

When did the Second Comintern take place?

A

July 1920- during Russo-Polish war

25
Q

What was the focus of the Second Comintern?

A

Lenin’s 21 conditions- this defined the relationship between communist parties and bourgeois socialist parties
They were requirements that needed to be met in order to become a member

26
Q

Outlook of delegates after Second Comintern?

A

Mixed
Some parties broke away from the Comintern because of the 21 conditions
Bolshevik victory in the Civil War looked certain

27
Q

Realisation at 3rd Comintern?

A

World revolution was not as close as thought- regimes and risings had been crushed
Bolshevik Russia was left alone in a capitalist world

28
Q

Situation in Germany after 3rd Comintern?

A

Ruled by bourgeois democratic Weimar Republic

29
Q

When did the last Allied intervention pull out of Russia?

A

May 1920

30
Q

What was one of the major Allied commitments regarding post war settlement?

A

Independent Poland

31
Q

Where was Russia not represented at?

A

Paris Peace Conference which discussed the terms of the Treaty of Versailles which included Poland- also LON

32
Q

What did Lenin and the Bolsheviks see Poland as?

A

Geographical bridge for Communist to expand to the West

33
Q

Who did Poland ally with to launch an offensive against Russia?

A

Ukraine

34
Q

Poland’s launch of offensive?

A

Launched an eastern offensive towards Kiev- rapid success as Kiev was occupied May 1920

35
Q

Significance of time of Poland’s offensive?

A

Had it been in 1919 when Bolsheviks were on the defence due to the Civil War it may have had a major impact but seen as it was 1920 the Bolsheviks had a confidence and truly believed they could spread the revolution

36
Q

Response of Russia to Poland’s offensive/

A

Red Army launched a counter attack where overstretched Polish forces crumbled and abandoned Kiev and made a humiliating retreat back to Warsaw

37
Q

What was the Miracle on the Vistula?

A

At the point where Poland looked like they would suffer a catastrophic defeat they mounted a desperate defence of Warsaw in which Warsaw was saved

38
Q

Outcome of Russo-Polish War?

A

Settled into a stalemate

Peace was agreed in October 1920 under the Treaty of Riga in March 1921

39
Q

Why was their tensions between Russia and Poland- cause?

A

Both were not happy about the border arrangements post war and both looked to expand their terroritory

40
Q

When did first conflicts occur between Russia and Poland?

A

February 1919

41
Q

Russia start to gain international recognition and reconciliation?

A

British government 1920 recognised the existence of the Soviet state and authorised making trade treaties
Lenin was interested in opening trade talks with Germany
1922- Chicherin was invited to the international economic conference in Genoa - reintegrated Soviet into international affairs

42
Q

Who was Chicherin?

A

Deputy Commissar for foreign affairs

43
Q

Treaty of Rapallo terms?

A

Article 1 and 2- compensation arising from WW1
Article 3- Concerned the opening of formal diplomatic relations
Article 4 and 5 - dealt with ‘mutual goodwill’ in commercial and economic relations

44
Q

Secret treaty 1922?

A

Allowed Germans to carry out training and military exercises inside the USSR

45
Q

What was significant about the Zinoviev letter?

A

It was a forgery

46
Q

Who was the Z letter written by?

A

Ace of Spies- right wing views- people who had been in Russia during the revolution and civil war

47
Q

Purpose of Z letter?

A

Influence public opinion against the Labour party in the run up to the 1924 General election

48
Q

Nature of argument?

A

Was consistent with what Zinoviev actually believed

49
Q

Impact of Z letter?

A

More impact in Britain but still relatively small
Labour vote was not undermined
Soured diplomatic relations between Britain and Russia- most significant repercussion
Strengthened Russia’s isolation

50
Q

What was it suggested that the Z letter said?

A

Called for trade deals and also said it was time to organise a revolution in Britain- people would not vote for labour because they were taking orders from Soviets

A: Russia General (35 decks)

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