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Brain and Behavior > Lectures 84, 85: Childhood and ADHD/Autism > Flashcards

Lectures 84, 85: Childhood and ADHD/Autism Flashcards

1
Q

Symptom domains of ASD (2)

A

Social/communication deficits, restricted/repetitive behaviors

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2
Q

Social/communication deficits includes…

A

Social/emotional reciprocity; non verbal communication; maintaining/developing relationships

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3
Q

Restricted, repetitive behaviors includes…

A

Stereotyped speech; routines; fixated interest; sensory input hyper/hyporeactivity

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4
Q

T/F: Seizures can be seen in ASD?

A

True!

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5
Q

Besides social-communication deficits and restricted/repetitive behaviors, what else is required for an autism diagnosis?

A

Symptoms must be present in early childhood and limit/impair everyday functioning

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6
Q

Which is more important/necessary for autism diagnosis: social-communication deficits or restricted/repetitive behaviors?

A

Social-communication deficits (requires 3 out of 3 symptoms)

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7
Q

How early can an autism diagnosis be made? Advantage?

A

12 - 18 months; early intervention = better outcome

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8
Q

What is the most important “risk alert” for ASD?

A

Joint attention: child wants to pay attention to the same thing that you’re paying attention to

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9
Q

What are the behaviors included in joint attention? (3)

A

Pointing (look at this!), bringing and showing, responding to adult point

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10
Q

Are the rates of autism rising? (3 reasons)

A

Unlikely: there are broadened diagnostic criteria, younger age of diagnosis, improved sensitivity

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11
Q

Genes or environment more important for development of autism? (heritability %)

A

Genes! 90%, more than really any other psychiatric conidtion

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12
Q

Environmental factors and autism? (2 examples)

A

Parental age, toxins

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13
Q

Are there any single genes that cause autism?

A

Yes: very rare variants accounting for

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14
Q

Besides rare genetic mutations, what other genetic model can account for autism?

A

Large number of common genetic variations (SNPs)

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15
Q

Genes related to ASD tend to impact…

A

Glutamate synapse (including post synaptic response)

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16
Q

Potential novel target for ASD based on etiology?

A

IGF

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17
Q

Symptom buckets for ADHD (2). How many symptoms of each? Relation to subtypes (3)?

A

Inattention, hyperactive/impulsive; 6; predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive, combined

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18
Q

What symptoms of ADHD often persist with age? Which ones improve?

A

Cognitive/executive problems; hyperactivity

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19
Q

Neurobiology of ADHD (NE and DA)

A

NE: enhances relevant signals in prefrontal region; DA suppresses irrelevant signal in prefrontal region

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20
Q

Heritability of ADHD (%)

A

75%

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21
Q

One structural and one functional difference in ADHD

A

Smaller prefrontal cortex volume; less efficient processing via decreased activity in ACC

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22
Q

Two reasons to treat ADHD

A

Minimize core symptoms; alter course of other disorders

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23
Q

Are treatments for ADHD effective?

A

Yes!

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24
Q

Four simple environmental modifications for ADHD

A
  1. Structure environment; 2. Simplify communication; 3. Use external aids/reminders; 4. Pyschosocial interventions (social skill training)
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25
How are methylphenidate and amphetamine similar and different?
Methylphenidate and amphetamine block reuptake, amphetamine also blocks uptake into vesicles and DA release
26
Newborn: motor
Basic reflexes (moro, rooting plamar, Babinksi), some head lifting
27
Newborn: social
Temperament apparent at birth
28
Newborn: verbal/cognitive
Crying, limited response to voice
29
6 months: motor
Primitive reflexes diminish (Moro, rooting and palmar gone); Posture: lifts head, rolls, sits; Picks/passes toys
30
6 months: social
Smiles, stranger danger
31
6 moths: verbal/cognitive
Orients to voice, babbles, some memory improvement
32
1 year: motor
Walking, pointing
33
1 year: social
Separation anxiety, can follow commands
34
1 year: verbal/cognitive
Mama, dada; object permanence
35
2 years: motor
Run, climb stairs, copy a line
36
2 years: social
Terrible twos: says "no", ambivalence, parallel play
37
2 years: verbal/cognitive
200 words, 2 word sentences
38
3 years: motor
Ride a tricycle, copy a circle, toilet trained
39
3 years: social
Can be away from caregiver comfortably, gender developed
40
3 years: verbal/cognitive
1000 words, complete sentences
41
Latency: motor
Moves and functions as an adult
42
Latency: social
Sexual preference, learning what they are good at, more empathy
43
Latency: verbal/cognitive
Learn to write, better at attention and self-regulation, concrete (logical) thought begins
44
Adolescence: motor
No motor development, but growth during puberty
45
Adolescence: social
Identity determination; increase in risk taking behavior
46
Adolescence: verbal/cognitive
Ability to abstract and see a problem from other people's points of view
47
Piaget's Stages (4)
Sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operations, formal operations
48
Sensorimotor stage
0-2; no language/symbols; "intelligence" means sensory exploration of env't and learning how to manipulate body
49
Pre-operational stage
3-6; language without logic, magical thinking; still egocentric
50
Concrete operations
7-12; logical thought
51
Formal operations
13+; logic + abstract thought
52
Erikson: conflict of infancy
Trust vs mistrust
53
Erikson: conflict of toddlers
Autonomy vs shame and doubt: parents must let kids explore
54
Erikson: conflict of preschool
Initiative vs guilt: doing more elaborate tings involve planning, guilt if it doesn't go well
55
Erikson: conflict of school age
Industry vs inferiority: preoccupied wit what they are good at
56
Erikson: conflict of adolescence
Identity vs role confusion: who am I?
57
Erikson: conflict of young adult hood
Intimacy vs isolation: who am I going to be with?
58
Erikson: conflict of middle age
Generativity vs stagnation: am I being productive?
59
Erikson: conflict of old age
Integrity vs despair: do I feel good about my accomplishments?
60
Freud's psychosexual stages (3) and basic description
Oral, anal, genital; development in terms of which body part provides the most pleasure at each age
61
Oral stage
0-1; babies suck on everything
62
Anal stage
1-3; preoccupied with bathroom, aware of | bowel control; focus on controlling things (but can't accomplish full toilet training until age 3)
63
Genital stage
3-5; interest in babies, opposite sex, playing with genitals

Brain and Behavior (56 decks)

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