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Brain and Behavior > Lectures 55-56: Cortex > Flashcards

Lectures 55-56: Cortex Flashcards

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1
Q

Ocular dominance columns are divided by…what layer?

A

Divided by eye; Layer 4C

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2
Q

What is the other type of radial column?

A

Orientation columns

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3
Q

Integration of color information occur by…these areas are called?

A

Projections superficially and deep to 4C; Colorful blobs

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4
Q

What are areas of achromatic regions called?

A

Interblobs!

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5
Q

Streams and fasciculi from visual cortex and information carried (2)

A

Dorsal stream/superior longitudinal fasciculus (where) and ventral stream/inferior longitudinal fasciculus (what)

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6
Q

Where pathway answers what question? Where does it project?

A

Where an item is located in space; parietal/frontal lobes

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7
Q

What eye movement is impacted by the dorsal stream?

A

Visually-guided control of saccades

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8
Q

Dominant (L) parietal lobe…

A

Mediates attention to contralateral (R) hemi-space

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9
Q

Non-dominant (R) parietal lobe…

A

Mediates attention to bilateral hemi-space

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10
Q

So, if you damage the non-dominant parietal (R) lobe, you can get…Why?

A

(L) Hemi-neglect; because the left hemi-space ONLY FF

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11
Q

What pathway answers what question? Where does it project?

A

Identifies objects; temporal lobe

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12
Q

Fusiform gyrus does what?

A

Recognizes faces

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13
Q

Visual agnosia

A

Inability to visually recognize an object

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14
Q

Action selection means…what brain region.

A

Which behaviors will be expressed and which won’t be, what is the plan?; DL/VLPFC

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15
Q

Suppression of action brain region

A

Orbital frontal cortex

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16
Q

Action itself brain region. This region has what subdivisions?

A

Medial PFC; cognitive and affective subdivions

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17
Q

What is the cingulum and what does it do?

A

Fiber bundle; learns to correct mistakes, reinforces behaviors that reduce pain

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18
Q

Describe the cingulum pain pathway…

A

Pain information is mapped onto cingulate gyrus, transmitted via cingulum to various places (i.e. temporal lobe: hippocmapus)

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19
Q

Hippocampal formation projects where via what

A

Mammillay bodies, septal nuclei, ventral striatum; fornix

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20
Q

Mammillary bodies project…

A

To the thalamus

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21
Q

The cingulum also sends a projection to this structure to mediate what pain-related emotion?

A

Amygdala; fear

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22
Q

Describe the mesocortical pathway projections and what it is responsible for?

A

VTA to DLPFC, VMPFC, cingulate, olfactory bulbs; cognition/motivation/emotional responses pathway

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23
Q

Layers: Archicortex and example

A

3 (hippocampus)

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24
Q

Layers: Paleocortex

A

3-5 (transitional cortex)

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25
Q

Layers: Neocortex

A

6 (mammals only)

26
Q

Where do we find pyramidal cells in neocortex?

A

All layers, but mainly 3 and 5

27
Q

What are the smaller cells of the neocortex? What layers?

A

Granular cells; all layers, but mainly 2 and 4

28
Q

Name the layers

A

1 Molecular, 2 outer granular, 3 outer pyramidal, 4 inner granular, 5 inner pyramidal, 6 polymorphic

29
Q

Dendritic spines receive what kind of input? Whats an important projection to neocortex via these spine interactions?

A

Excitatoy (glutamatergic); thalamocortical interactions

30
Q

Where is the UMN deficit in ALS? AD?

A

Large pyramidal cells of Layer V (i.e. motor deficits); Widespread loss of pyramidal cells (cognitive dysfunction)

31
Q

Non-pyramidal cells use what NT. What’s an associated disease?

A

GABA; epilepsy

32
Q

Homotypical cortex

A

Equal sized layers of cortex (association)

33
Q

Sensory cortex: cell type and other name

A

Predominance of granular cells; Koniocotex

34
Q

Motor cortex: cell type and other name

A

Predominance of pyramidal cells; Agranular cortex

35
Q

Differences in cortical thickness depends on…

A

Its function! Example: Layer III of Association > Layer III of Occipital (less pyramidal cells)

36
Q

If a cortical region has more pyramidal cells it’s going to be thicker/less thick

A

Thicker

37
Q

Inputs to neocortex (4)

A

Neocortex, allocortex, thalamus, other subcortical nuclei (brainstem, etc)

38
Q

Intrinsic (cortical) inputs to these layers

A

I, II, III

39
Q

Extrinsic inputs to these layers

A

III, IV

40
Q

As an example, the LGN projects to which layer (broadly)?

A

IV

41
Q

Layer IV projects where…then where…then where…

A

III; V; outputs to association areas

42
Q

What are the short arcuate bundles? Also called?

A

WM connecting close regions of cortex; U fibers

43
Q

Uncinate fasiculus connects

A

Interconnects anterior frontal lobe (OFC) with anterior temporal lobe (hippocampus, amygdala)

44
Q

Superior longitudinal fasiculus connects; what does the arcuate fasiculus connect?

A

Frontal, partietal, and occipital lobe; Wernicke’s and Broca’s territory

45
Q

Inferior longitudinal fasiculus

A

Occipital and temporal lobe

46
Q

Cingulum is located…

A

Internally within the cingulate gyrus

47
Q

Forceps major interconnects…Function?

A

Occipital poles; joins visual fields

48
Q

Forceps minor interconnects…

A

Frontal lobes

49
Q

Anterior commissure interconnects…

A

Temporal lobes and amygdala

50
Q

What are projections from the ACh and monoamine nuclei like?

A

They blanket the cortex, not precise like other inputs

51
Q

Horizontal: Plexus of Exner connects and layer

A

Cortex regions to one another; Layer I (cortico-cortico connections tend to be superficial)

52
Q

Horizontal: Kaes-Bechterew connects and layer

A

Mediates inputs from thalamus that are not from specific sensory relay nuclei; Layer III

53
Q

Horizontal: Outer stripes of Baillarger

A

Carries specific thalamic nuclei radiations; Layer IV

54
Q

Horizontal: Inner stripes of Baillarger

A

Carries outputs; Layer V

55
Q

Outputs from neocortex (5)

A
  1. Cortex (neo and allo), 2. Thalamic, 3. Basal ganglia, 4. Brainstem structures nuclei, 5. Spinal cord
56
Q

Layers III and superficial IV project to…

A

Cortex

57
Q

Layer V projects to…

A

Non-thalamic, subcortical areas

58
Q

Superficial VI projects to…

A

Thalamic sensory relay nuclei

59
Q

Deep VI projects to…

A

Non-specific thalamic

60
Q

Cortex is organized vertically into…scaffolding?

A

Radial columns; pyramidal cells

Brain and Behavior (56 decks)

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