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Brain and Behavior > Lectures 39, 40: Cerebellum > Flashcards

Lectures 39, 40: Cerebellum Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

Layers of the cerebellum (broadly)

A

Cortex, white matter, deep cerebellar nuclei

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2
Q

Structural hierarchy of cerebellum (small –> large)

A

Folium –> lobule –> lobe

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3
Q

Lobes of cerebellum and associated fissures

A

Anterior (primary fissure) posterior (pastero-lateral fissure) floccular-nodular

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4
Q

One important cerebellum lobule and location. What can happen to this lobule?

A

Tonsil: posterior, hangs down the furthest; tonsilar herniation

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5
Q

Locations of 3 cerebellar nuclei

A

Fastigial - vermis, Interposed - intermediate, Dentate - lateral

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6
Q

What are the vestibular portions of the cerebellum?

A

Floccular-nodular (nodular in vermis)

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7
Q

Cerebellum receives all of its input from…(broadly, 2)

A

Spinal cord and brainstem

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8
Q

How many spinocerebellar tracts are there and what do they carry?

A

4, proprioception and error information

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9
Q

2 lower body tracts and what they carry

A

Dorsal (proprioception) and ventral (error signal) spinocerebellar tract

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10
Q

2 upper body tracts and what they carry

A

Cuneocerebellar (proprioception) and rostral spinocerebellar (error signal)

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11
Q

How does error signals work?

A

These tracts also carry information from higher brain regions and through interneurons compute difference between intended and actual muscular states

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12
Q

Dorsal spinocerebellar tract ascends in which fascicle and terminates where? Then where does it ascend? Final synapse?

A

Gracile fascicle –> Clarke’s nucleus in thoracic spinal cord –> dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) –> inferior cerebellar peduncle

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13
Q

Cuneocerebellar tract pathway

A

Cuneate fascile –> lateral cuneate nucleus (medulla) –> cuneocerebellar tract –> inferior cerebellar peduncle

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14
Q

Ventral spinocerebellar tract pathway

A

Afferents from Golgi Tendon Organ + corticospinal information –> Interneurons (spinal border cells) –> cross in anterior commissure –> lateral funiculus –> superior cerebellar peduncle where they CROSS AGAIN

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15
Q

Why is the ventral spinocerebellar tract anomalous

A
  1. All other tracts travel via inferior cerebellar peduncle and 2. Double-crossed
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16
Q

Do we have to find upper body error tract? Also, what’s this tract called again?

A

No! Hard to determine anatomically; rostral spinocerebellar tract

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17
Q

Cerebellar homunculi principles (2) and name for this region

A

At least two homunculi; trunk of the body in vermis and arms/legs on intermediate regions; spinocerebellum

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18
Q

Other cerebellar inputs from medulla…(3); inferior cerebellar peducle carries which two?

A

Reticular formation, inferior olivary complex, vestibular nuclei; reticular and inferior olivary complex

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19
Q

Does the cerebellum get input from the pons? Crossed or uncrossed?

A

Yes! Enormous projections from pontine nuclei; crossed…duh! crossing fibers of the pons, after all!

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20
Q

What do pontine projections to the cerebellum form?

A

Middle cerebellar peduncle

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21
Q

How does the cerebral cortex influence the cerebellum?

A

Synapse on pontine nuclei

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22
Q

How is the crux cerebri organized?

A

Topographically by brain lobe that’s projecting

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23
Q

What portion of the cerebellum recieves pontine projections?

A

Lateral hemispheres (cerebrocerebellum)

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24
Q

Describe basic cerebellar connectivity (4 steps). Which cell type projects to deep cerebellar nuclei?

A

Cerebellar afferents –> cerebellar cortex –> deep cerebellar nuclei –> target nuclei; Purkinje cells

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25
Q

3 layers of the cerebellum and associated cell types

A

Molecular layer (stellate, basket cells and Purkinje dendrites), Purkinje layer, Granular layer (granule cells, Golgi cells)

26
Q

Two fiber systems of cerebellum and associated input structure

A

Mossy fiber-Parallel fiber (all the rest of the inputs, distributed inputs) and Climbing fiber (axons from inferior olivary complex, convergent inputs)

27
Q

Basket and stellate cells are…synapse on, which are?

A

Inhibitory; Purkinje cells, inhibitory

28
Q

All cerebellar inputs are…All interneurons are…

A

Excitatory; inhibitory

29
Q

Deep cerebellar nuclei project to what three structures. Terminate where, except? Which are crossed?

A

Thalamus, red nucleus, vestibular nuclei; superior cerebellar peduncle (except vestibular, which goes through inferior); tracts to thalamus/red nucleus are crossed

30
Q

What portions of the thalamus receive cerebellar input? What tract (a tract by any other name…)?

A

Ventral group (VLp); dentato-thalamic tract (thalamic fasciculus w/ BG projections)

31
Q

So, where do the outputs of the cerebellum mostly travel through?

A

Superior cerebellar peduncle

32
Q

If a cerebellar deficit is unilateral, the deficit will be? Why?

A

Ipsilateral; cerebellar efferents are contralateral, synapse in cortex and then projects down contralaterally in motor pathways (ending in same side)

33
Q

Ataxia definition

A

Unsteady gait, imbalance, broad-based stance

34
Q

Guillan-Mollaret (Myoclonic) Triangle pathway and symptoms

A

Inferior olive –> dentate nucleus –> red nucleus; palatal myoclonus that PERSISTS during sleep

35
Q

Eye movements that depend on cerebellum (2)

A

Smooth pursuit (cortico-ponto-cerebellar network), optokinetic nystagmus

36
Q

Vermal cerebellar problems broadly involve (3)

A

Standing roblems (wide-based gait, ataxia of gait); nystagmus, ocular dysmetria

37
Q

Define titubations

A

Spasmodic nodding of head and neck

38
Q

Hemispheric cerebellar problems broadly involve…What about pancerebellar?

A

Coordination of ipsilateral limb movements, rapid alternating movements; pancerebellar is combination of both hemi and vermis syndromes

39
Q

Classical cerebellar tremor is (broadly)

A

Intentional

40
Q

Anatomical cerebellar syndrome classes

A

Vermis, hemispheric, pancerebellar

41
Q

A common eye movement problem in dysfunction of cerebellum

A

Nystagmus

42
Q

Testing of Station (three things to look for)

A
  1. Position of feet (ataxia is less w/ broad based); 2. Eyes open/closed (cerebellar NOT improved by visual orientation); 3. Direction of falling (lateral lesion –> falling to ipsilateral side, midline lesion –> indiscriminate falling)
43
Q

What can cerebellar problem do to tone? Some features.

A

Hypotonia; ipsilateral, often with acute lesions, more noticeable in upper limbs/proximal muscles

44
Q

What are the cerebellar hemispheric function tests (3)?

A

Finger-to-nose, rapidly alternating movement, heel-to-sin test

45
Q

Rapid alternating movements: real name and what it means

A

Dysdiadochokinesis; tests ability to change direction

46
Q

Finger to nose tests what?

A

Dysmetria (lack of coordination)

47
Q

Check and rebound show what if it’s pathological?

A

Large rebound (overshoot)

48
Q

Cerebellar dysarthria is an abnormality in what parts of speech?

A

Articulation and prosody: long pauses between words, may be related to hypotonia of muscles

49
Q

Three types of tremor and definitions

A

Resting (max at rest, symptom of PD), postural (max with limb in fixed position against gravity), intention

50
Q

Which tremor is more related to cerebellar disorder?

A

Intention

51
Q

Physiologic tremor is normal/abnormal and enhanced by what?

A

Normal, anxiety/stress/fatigue

52
Q

Essential tremor is…(genesis) and increases with what? What about at rest?

A

Hereditary (genetic); aging; absent at rest

53
Q

Palatal myoclonus definition and lesion location. What’s special about this?

A

Rhythmic jerks of soft palate, lesions of Guillan-Mollaret (Myoclonic) Triangle pathway; NOT suppressed by sleep

54
Q

Hypothyroidism can cause…What else (nutritional)?

A

Cerebellar ataxia; heavy metals (MO) and Vit E deficiency

55
Q

Antiepileptic drugs and the cerebellum

A

Long-term antiepileptic drugs may cause cerebellar atrophy

56
Q

Infections and children with cerebellar ataxia

A

Children can present with acute cerebellar ataxia after a non-specific viral infection

57
Q

What 2 viruses can be associated with cerebellar ataxia?

A

HIV and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

58
Q

What is the relationship between cerebellar ataxia and cancer?

A

Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration syndrome (autoimmune process triggered by cancer)

59
Q

What food item is related to cerebellar ataxia?

A

Gluten (Celiac’s disease)

60
Q

Define Friedreich ataxia

A

Progressive, genetic cerebellar ataxia w/ cardiomyopathy and diabetes

61
Q

Define Ataxa-telangiectasia

A

Progressive ataxia with onset in infancy, genetic, capillary dilations (red nose) and malingnancies

62
Q

Cardinal features of cerebellar dysfunction (7)

A

Hypotonia, ataxia, dysarthria, tremor, ocular motor dysfunction, decompensation of movement, impared rapid alternating movements

Brain and Behavior (56 decks)

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