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Brain and Behavior > Lecture 80: Personality > Flashcards

Lecture 80: Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Temperament

A

Biologically based behavioral and emotional tendencies; present in early life and stage

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2
Q

Personality

A

Temperament PLUS the world; characteristic way one thinks, feels, behaves

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3
Q

Components of neural network model

A

Behavioral approach and inhibition system

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4
Q

4 types of kids from classic study of infant temperament

A

Easy, difficult, slow to warm (shy, withdrawal from novel stimuli), unable to classify

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5
Q

Eysenck factors in adult personality

A

Extravertism/introversion + low/high neuroticism –> 4 types of personalities

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6
Q

Infant behavioral inhibition associated with…

A

Inhibition (maybe event anxiety) throughout life

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7
Q

Five factor model

A

Openness vs close-mindedness; conscientiousness vs negligence; extraversion vs introversion; agreeableness vs antagonism; neuroticism vs emotional stability

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8
Q

The five factor model is…

A

Reliable, reproducible, cross-cultural, and predictable of health outcomes

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9
Q

Extraversion (def and association)

A

Sociable, expressive; positive emotions

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10
Q

Neuroticism (def and association)

A

Anxious, self-conscious, irritabile; negative emotions and vulnerability to psychopathology

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11
Q

Conscientiousness (def and association)

A

Responsible, persistent, thinking before acting; inhibit impulses to follow rules –> career success and longer life

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12
Q

Agreeableness (def and association)

A

Kind, affectionate, cooperative; understanding others’ emotions, positive relationships

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13
Q

Openness to experience (def and association)

A

Imaginative, curious, eager; process abstract/uncertainty, intelligence

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14
Q

T/F: Is personality stable over time?

A

Somewhat true: temperament tends to be stable will personality might change

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15
Q

What could cause innate personality traits to appear?

A

Stress, new situations

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16
Q

T/F: Strong genetic influences on temperament and personality

A

True

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17
Q

The most important contributor to variations in personality may be…

A

A person’s unique “non-shared” environment

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18
Q

What is a good example of gene x environment interaction?

A

Parent-child interaction: children with high negative emotionality (“difficult”) causes in less parent involvement, resulting in greater vulnerability when children encounter stress

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19
Q

Neuroticism predicts encountering…and vice versa? Holds even when…

A

Negative events; extraversion predicts positive events; holds for subjective reports and objective measures corrected for reporting bias

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20
Q

Fetal programming hypothesis

A

Fetusadjusts phenotype on basis of maternal nutritional & hormonal cues about the outside world, as a means of optimally adapting to the (anticipated) conditions of the postnatal environment

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21
Q

Risk factors for psychiatric disorders (4)

A

High neuroticism; low conscientiousness, agreeableness, extraversion

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22
Q

Harm avoidance is associated with…

A

Mood/anxiety disorders

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23
Q

What kids of personality traits are related to poor health outcomes? (4)

A

Pessimistic explanatory style (self-blame), less agreeable/conscientiousness, more neuroticism

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24
Q

What kids of personality traits are related to good health outcomes? (7)

A

Easy going, self-regulating, flexible, positive emotionality, sociable, high attention focusing on tasks, OPTIMISM

25
Q

Optimistic patients have a larger response to…

A

Placebos!

26
Q

How to become more optimistic?

A

Reframing: 2 weeks of daily 5-min sessions of imagining one’s best possible self can temporarily increase optimism

27
Q

Personality disorder (def)

A

Enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture

28
Q

Personality disorder manifests in these four domains…

A

Cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, impulse control

29
Q

Personality disorder must be…(3)

A

Inflexible and pervasive; causing clinically significant distress/impairment

30
Q

A personality develops fully during what life stage? Compare to temperament

A

Early adulthood; temperament is earlier

31
Q

What is a primary reason for the breakdown between Axis I and II

A

Increasingly understood that all psychiatry disorders are the result of a gene by environment interaction (e.g. Axis I can be environment, Axis II can be genes)

32
Q

Cluster A

A

Odd/eccentric (psychotic): paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

33
Q

Cluster B

A

Dramatic, emotional, erratic (“bad” or manic): antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

34
Q

Cluster C

A

Anxious, fearful (anxiety): avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive

35
Q

Paranoid

A

Irrational suspicions/mistrust

36
Q

Schizoid

A

Lack of interest in social relationships

37
Q

Schizotypal

A

Characterized by odd behavior/thinking (on schizophrenia spectrum)

38
Q

Antisocial

A

Disregard for the law, rights of others

39
Q

Borderline

A

Extreme “black and white” thinking, instable in relationships, self-harm and impulsivity

40
Q

Histrionic

A

Attention-seeking, seductive, exaggerated emotions

41
Q

Narcissistic

A

Grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy

42
Q

Avoidant

A

Social inhibition/avoidance

43
Q

Dependent

A

Psychological dependence on others

44
Q

Obsessive-compulsive

A

Conformity to rules, moral codes, excessive oderliness

45
Q

Prevalence of PDs by cluster (%); total (%)

A

A and C ~6%, B 1.5%; 9%

46
Q

% of those diagnosed w/ a PD are female…

A

75%

47
Q

Describe schizotypal PD

A

Discomfort/reduced capacity for close relationships AND cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior

48
Q

Schizotypal PD often seeks treatment for…How is it similar to schizophrenia? Treatment?

A

Anxiety, depression; some of the cognitive (“hypofrontality”) problems as schizophrenia; if they are very distressed, they could be treated w/ low doses of antipsychotics

49
Q

Antisocial PD is marked by a lack of? More likely to die from…Treatment? Hypoactive?

A

Remorse; violent means; no good treatment; amygdala

50
Q

Instability in Borderline PD (3 broad realms)

A

Emotional/affective, behavioral, interpersonal

51
Q

Describe Borderline PD (4)

A

Avoid abandonment, unstable interpersonal relationships, self-damaging impulsiveness, suicidal tendencies

52
Q

A personal with Borderline PD may complain of…

A

Chronic feelings of emptiness

53
Q

% gender in Borderline PD. Some reasons why (2)?

A

75%; sampling bias/higher rates of sexual trauma?

54
Q

Describe the aging borderline patient and treatment

A

Improves with age (fewer suicides, better relationships); psychotherapy (DBT)

55
Q

What brain region might be hyperactive in borderline? What about hypoactivity? What about general “dysfunction”?

A

Amygdala; frontal regions; insula

56
Q

Is childhood trauma necessary and/or sufficient for Borderline PD?

A

NO: not all w/ trauma become borderline and not all borderlines have trauma

57
Q

Is there a genetic factor for Borderline PD?

A

Yes: might just inherit personality types, not the whole disorder; genes x env’t very important

58
Q

When treating a borderline patient, it’s important to…Treatment should focus on…Meds (3 categories)?

A

Manage your own countertransference; self-destructive behaviors and improving emotional regulation; serotonergic for impulsivity, antipsychotics if symptoms exist, mood stabilizers for emotional lability

59
Q

Describe Avoidant PD (3) and how it is different from schizoid or schizotypal?

A

Feelings of inadequacy; subjective sense of being “socially inept;” sensitive to criticism; unlike schizoid/schizotypal –> desire affection and acceptance

Brain and Behavior (56 decks)

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