Lectures 4-6

Question 0

Proportions

Answer 0

Division of 2 related numbers

*Numerator is part of the denominator

Question 1

Ratios

Answer 1

Division of 2 unrelated numbers

*Numerator not part of denominator

Question 2

Rates

Answer 2

Division of 2 numbers with time incorporated into the denominator

Question 3

What must be defined prior to answering the W’s of descriptive epidemiology?

Answer 3

Case Definition: must describe what it takes to be a “case” then decide if the issue at hand fits that description

Question 4

Crude Morbidity Rate

Answer 4

of persons with Disease/# of persons in population

Question 5

Crude Mortality Rate

Answer 5

of deaths (all causes)/# of persons in population

Question 6

Cause-Specific Mortality Rate

Answer 6

of cause-specific deaths/# of persons in population

Question 7

Case-Fatality Rate

Answer 7

of cause-specific deaths/# of cases of disease

Question 8

Cause-Specific Survival Rate

Answer 8

of cause-specific cases alive/# of cases of disease

Question 9

Live Birth Rate (per year)

Answer 9

of live births/1,000 population

Question 10

Fertility Rate (per year)

Answer 10

of live births/1,000 women of childbearing age (15-44)

Question 11

Infant-Mortality Rate (per year)

Answer 11

of deaths in those <1 year of age/1,000 live births

Question 12

Proportional Mortality Ratio (PMR)

Answer 12

of cause-specific deaths/total # of deaths in population

Question 13

Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR)

Answer 13

of cause-specific deaths/expected total # of deaths from a similar population…equalized for gender, age, race, calendar time-frame, etc…

Question 14

Infectivity

Answer 14

Ability to invade a patient (host)
# infected/# susceptible (x100%)

Question 15

Pathogenicity

Answer 15

Ability to cause disease
# with clinical disease/# infected (x100%)

Question 16

Virulence

Answer 16

Ability to cause death
# of deaths/# infected (x100%)

Question 17

Induction Period

Answer 17

Period required for a specific agent to produce a disease

Question 18

Latency Period

Answer 18

Interval between infection and clinical appearance of disease

Question 19

What are the 3 key factors in descriptive measures of disease frequency?

Answer 19

of people affected by disease
Size of the source population
Length of time the population is followed

Question 20

Incidence

Answer 20

New cases of disease
# of new cases (during a defined time period)/# persons at risk (during the same time period)
*Subtract those who already have the disease or are immune to the disease

Question 21

Prevalence

Answer 21

Existing cases of disease (includes old and new)

Question 22

Incidence Rate

Answer 22

# new cases of disease (during defined time period)/person-time at risk of the disease (during same time period)
*Subtract those individuals' time of observation who already have the disease or are immune

Question 23

Incidence Density

Answer 23

# new cases of disease (during a defined period of time)/person-time (net/total) people were "at risk" for the disease
Repeat Cases: Count first occurrence only

Question 24

Point Prevalence

Answer 24

Prevalence at a given point in time

Question 25

Period Prevalence

Answer 25

Prevalence over a given period of time

Question 26

Epidemic

Answer 26

Occurrence of disease clearly in excess of normal expectancy

Community/period clearly defined

Question 27

Outbreak

Answer 27

Epidemic limited to a localized increase in the occurrence of disease
*Sometimes called a cluster (but cluster is usually smaller)

Question 28

Endemic

Answer 28

Constant presence of a disease within a given area in excess of normal levels in other areas

Question 29

Pandemic

Answer 29

An epidemic occurring over very wide area, involving large number of people (often multi-regional/multi-national)

Question 30

Primary Prevention

Answer 30

Protection of health by personal and communal efforts...
Enhancing nutrition
Immunizations
Eliminating environmental risks
EX: Vaccines

Question 31

Secondary Prevention

Answer 31

Set of measures available to individuals and communities for early detection and prompt intervention to control disease…
Early disease, pre-clinical/clinical (known or not)
EX: Hypertension/HIV

Question 32

Tertiary Prevention

Answer 32

Softening the impact of long-term disease by eliminating or reducing impairment, minimizing suffering, & maximizing potential years of useful life...
Advanced disease (known)
EX: Using dialysis for kidney issues