Final: Lecture 19

Question 1

What is an association?

Answer 1

Relation ship between an exposure and an outcome

Question 2

What are the 5 criteria of Hill’s Criteria used to establish causation?

Answer 2

1. Strength
2. Consistency
3. Temporality
4. Biologic Gradient
5. Plausibility

Question 3

What does “strength” mean in Hill’s Criteria?

Answer 3

Size of association

Question 4

What does “consistency” mean in Hill’s Criteria?

Answer 4

Reproducibility

Question 5

What does “temporality” mean in Hill’s Criteria?

Answer 5

How close the exposure time was to contracting the disease

Question 6

What does “biologic gradient” mean in Hill’s Criteria?

Answer 6

Observation of a dose-response associated with the degree of exposure

Question 7

What does “plausibility” mean in Hill’s Criteria?

Answer 7

How feasible the association actually is

Question 8

What are the 2 different ways non-causal associations can occur?

Answer 8

1. Disease may cause exposure (RA & physical inactivity)

2. Disease and exposure are both associated with a 3rd factor (Downs & birth order)

Question 9

What is sufficient cause?

Answer 9

Cause must produce disease, and if diseased, cause must be there

Question 10

What is necessary cause?

Answer 10

Cause must come before disease, if diseased, cause must be there…however, cause may be there and not cause disease